Cronologia dels microprocessadors

De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure

La cronologia dels microprocessadors arrenca amb l'Intel 4004, una Unitat Central de Procés (CPU) de 4 bits llençada per Intel Corporation el 1971.[1] Fou la primera CPU completa en un sol xip, la primera comercialment disponible com un processador, gràcies a l'ús de la nova tecnologia de portes lògiques basada en silici, que permetia la integració d'un elevat nombre de transistors i una velocitat més ràpida del que mai abans havia estat possible.

Data Nom Fabricant Rellotge Geometria Transistors
1971 4004 Intel 740 kHz 10 µm 2.250
1972 8008 Intel 500 kHz 10 μm 3.500
1974 6800 Motorola 2 MHz - 4.100
1974 8080 Intel 2 MHz 6 μm 6.000
1974 1802 RCA 3,2 MHz 5 μm 5.000
1974 TMS1000 Texas Instruments 400 kHz 8 μm 8.000
1975 6502 MOS Technologies 1 MHz - 4.000
1976 Z-80 Zilog 2 MHz 4 μm 8.500
1976 8085 Intel 5 MHz 3 μm 6.500
1976 TMS9900 Texas Instruments 3,3 MHz - 8.000
1977 6100 Intersil 4 MHz - 20.000
1978 8086 Intel 5 MHz 3 μm 29.000
1978 6801 Motorola - 5 μm 35.000
1979 Z8000 Zilog - - 17.500
1979 8088 Intel 5 MHz 3 μm 29.000
1979 6809 Motorola 1 MHz 5 μm 40.000
1979 68000 Motorola 8 MHz 4 μm 68.000
1980 16032 National - - 60.000
1981 6120 Harris Corporation 10 MHz - 20.000
1981 ROMP IBM 10 MHz 2 µm 45.000
1981 T-11 DEC 2,5 MHz 5 µm 17.000
1982 RISC-I[2] UC Berkeley 1 MHz 5 µm 44.420
1982 FOCUS Hewlett Packard 18 MHz 1,5 µm 450.000
1982 80186 Intel 6 MHz - 55.000
1982 80286 Intel 6 MHz 1,5 µm 134.000
1983 RISC-II UC Berkeley 3 MHz 3 µm 40,760
1983 MIPS[3] Stanford University 2 MHz 3 µm 25,000
1984 68020 Motorola 16 MHz 2 µm 190,000
1984 32032 National - - 70,000
1984 V20 NEC 5 MHz - 63.000
1985 80386 Intel 16 MHz 1,5 µm 275.000
1985 MicroVax II 78032 DEC 5 MHz 3,0 µm 125.000
1985 R2000 MIPS 8 MHz 2 µm 115.000
1988 R3000 MIPS 12 MHz 2 µm 120.000
1986 Z80000 Zilog - - 91,000
1986 SPARC Sun 40 MHz 0.8 µm 800,000
1986 V60[4] NEC 16 MHz 1.5 µm 375,000
1987 CVAX 78034 DEC 12.5 MHz 2.0 µm 134,000
1987 ARM2 ARM Limited 18 MHz 2 µm 25,000
1987 Gmicro/200[5] Hitachi - 1.0 µm 730,000
1987 68030 Motorola 16 MHz 1,3 µm 273.000
1987 V70[4] NEC 20 MHz 1,5 µm 385.000
1988 i960 Intel 10 MHz 1,5 µm 250.000
1989 VAX DC520 "Rigel" DEC 35 MHz 1,5 µm 320.000
1989 80486 Intel 25 MHz 1 µm 1.180.000
1989 i860 Intel 25 MHz 1 µm 1.000.000
1990 68040 Motorola 40 MHz - 1,2
1990 POWER1 IBM 20-30 MHz 1,0 µm 6,9
1991 R4000 MIPS Computer Systems 100 MHz 0,8 µm 1,35
1991 NVAX DEC 62.5-90.91 MHz 0.75 µm 1.3
1991 RSC IBM 33 MHz 0.8 µm 1.0[6]
1992 Alpha 21064 DEC 100-200 MHz 0.75 µm 1.68
1992 microSPARC I Sun 40-50 MHz 0.8 µm 0.8
1992 PA-7100 Hewlett Packard 100 MHz 0.80 µm 0.85[7]
1993 PowerPC 601 IBM, Motorola 50-80 MHz 0.6 µm 2.8
1993 Pentium Intel 60-66 MHz 0.8 µm 3.1
1993 POWER2 IBM 55-71.5 MHz 0.72 µm 23
1994 68060 Motorola 50 MHz 0.6 µm 2.5
1994 Alpha 21064A DEC 200-300 MHz 0.5 µm 2.85
1994 R4600 QED 100 - 125 MHz 0.65 µm 2.2
1994 PA-7200 Hewlett Packard 125 MHz 0.55 µm 1.26
1994 PowerPC 603 IBM, Motorola 60-120 MHz 0.5 µm 1.6
1994 PowerPC 604 IBM, Motorola 100-180 MHz 0.5 µm 3.6
1994 PA-7100LC Hewlett Packard 100 MHz 0.75 µm 0.90
1995 Alpha 21164 DEC 266-333 MHz 0.5 µm 9.3
1995 UltraSPARC Sun 143–167 MHz 0.47 µm 5.2
1995 SPARC64 HAL Computer Systems 101–118 MHz 0.40 µm -
1995 Pentium Pro Intel 150-200 MHz 0.35 µm 5.5
1996 Alpha 21164A DEC 400-500 MHz 0.35 µm 9.7
1996 K5 AMD 75-100 MHz 0.5 µm 4.3
1996 R10000 MTI 150-250 MHz 0.35 µm 6.7
1996 R5000 QED 180 - 250 MHz 0.35 µm 3.7
1996 SPARC64 II HAL Computer Systems 141–161 MHz 0.35 µm -
1996 PA-8000 Hewlett-Packard 160-180 MHz 0.50 µm 3.8
1996 P2SC IBM 150 MHz 0.29 µm 15
1997 Pentium II Intel 233-300 MHz 0.35 µm 7.5
1997 PowerPC 620 IBM, Motorola 120-150 MHz 0.35 µm 6.9
1997 UltraSPARC IIs Sun 250-400 MHz 0.35 µm 5.4
1997 S/390 G4 IBM 370 MHz 0.5 µm 7.8
1997 PowerPC 750 IBM, Motorola 233-366 MHz 0.26 µm 6.35
1997 K6 AMD 166-233 MHz 0.35 µm 8.8
1998 Alpha 21264 DEC 450-600 MHz 0.35 µm 15.2
1998 MIPS R12000 SGI 270-400 MHz 0.25 µm, 0.18 µm 6.9
1998 RM7000 QED 250 - 300 MHz 0.25 µm 18
1998 SPARC64 III HAL Computer Systems 250-330 MHz 0.24 µm 17.6
1998 S/390 G5 IBM 500 MHz 0.25 µm 25
1998 PA-8500 Hewlett Packard 300-440 MHz 0.25 µm 140
1998 POWER3 IBM 200 MHz 0.25 µm 15
1999 Pentium III Intel 450-600 MHz 0.25 µm 9.5
1999 PowerPC 7400 Motorola 350-500 MHz 0.20 µm 10.5
1999 Athlon AMD 500-1000 MHz 0.25 µm 22
2000 Athlon XP AMD 1.33-1.73 GHz 180 nm 37.5
2000 Pentium 4 Intel 1.3-2 GHz 180 nm 42
2000 SPARC64 IV Fujitsu 450–810 MHz 130 nm -
2000 z900 IBM 918 MHz 180 nm 47
2001 R14000 MIPS 500-600 MHz 130 nm 7.2
2001 POWER4 IBM 1.1-1.4 GHz 90 nm 174
2001 UltraSPARC III Sun 750-1200 MHz 130 nm 29
2001 Itanium Intel 733-800 MHz 180 nm 25
2001 PowerPC 7450 Motorola 733-800 MHz 180 nm 33
2002 Itanium 2 Intel 0.9-1 GHz 180 nm 410
2003 PowerPC 970 IBM 1.6-2.0 MHz 130 nm 52
2003 Pentium M Intel 0.9-1.7 GHz 130 nm 77
2003 SPARC64 V Fujitsu 1.1-1.35 GHz 130 nm 190
2003 Opteron AMD 1.4-2.4 GHz 130 nm 106
2004 POWER5 IBM 1.65-1.9 GHz 130 nm 276
2005 Athlon 64 X2 AMD 2-2.4 GHz 90 nm 243
2005 UltraSPARC IV Sun 1.05-1.35 GHz 130 nm 66
2005 UltraSPARC T1 Sun 1-1.4 GHz 90 nm 300
2006 Core Duo Intel 1.1-2.33 GHz 65 nm 151
2006 Core 2 Intel 1.06-2.67 GHz 65 nm 291
2006 Cell/B.E. IBM, Sony, Toshiba 3.2-4.6 GHz 90 nm 241
2007 POWER6 IBM 3.5-4.7 GHz 65 nm 790
2007 UltraSPARC T2 Sun 1-1.4 GHz 65 nm 503
2008 Phenom AMD 1,8-2,6 GHz 65 nm 450
2008 z10 IBM 4,4 GHz 65 nm 991
2008 Atom Intel 0,8-1,6 GHz 45 nm 47
2008 Core i7 Intel 2,66-3,2 GHz 45 nm 730
2009 Phenom II AMD 2,5-3,2 GHz 45 nm 758
2010 POWER7 IBM 3–4.14 GHz 45 nm 1200
2010 Itanium "Tukwila" Intel 2 GHz 65 nm 2000
2010 Opteron "Magny-cours" AMD 1.7–2.4 GHz 45 nm 1810
2010 Xeon "Nehalem-EX" Intel 1.73–2.66 GHz 45 nm 2300
2010 z196 IBM 3.8–5.2 GHz 45 nm 1400
2010 SPARC T3 Sun 1.6 GHz 45 nm 2000
2010 SPARC64 VII+ Fujitsu 2.66–3.0 GHz 45 nm ?
2010 Intel "Westmere" Intel 1.86–3.33 GHz 32 nm 1170
2011 Intel "Sandy Bridge" Intel 1.6–3.4 GHz 32 nm 995[8]
2011 AMD Llano AMD 1.0–1.6 GHz 40 nm 380[9]
2011 Xeon E7 Intel 1.73–2.67 GHz 32 nm 2600
2011 Power ISA BGQ IBM 1.6 GHz 45 nm 1470
2011 SPARC64 VIIIfx Fujitsu 2.0 GHz 45 nm 760
2011 FX "Bulldozer" Interlagos AMD 3.1–3.6 GHz 32 nm 1200[10]
2011 SPARC T4 Oracle 2.8–3 GHz 40 nm 855
2012 SPARC64 IXfx Fujitsu 1.848 GHz 40 nm 1870
2012 zEC12 IBM 5.5 GHz 32 nm 2750
2012 POWER7+ IBM 3.1–5.3 GHz 32 nm 2100
2012 Itanium "Poulson" Intel 1.73–2.53 GHz 32 nm 3100
2013 Intel "Haswell" Intel 1.9–4.4 GHz 22 nm 1400
2013 SPARC64 X Fujitsu 2.8–3 GHz 28 nm 2950
2013 SPARC T5 Oracle 3.6 GHz 28 nm 1500
2014 POWER8 IBM 2.5–5 GHz 22 nm 4200
2014 Intel "Broadwell" Intel 1.8-4 GHz 14 nm 1900
2015 z13 IBM 5 GHz 22 nm 3990
2015 A8-7670K AMD 3.6 GHz 28 nm 2410
2017 Zen AMD 3.2–4.1 GHz 14 nm 4800
2017 z14 IBM 5.2 GHz 14 nm 6100
2017 POWER9 IBM 4 GHz 14 nm 8000
2017 SPARC M8[11] Oracle 5 GHz 20 nm ~10,000[12]
2018 Intel "Cannon Lake" Intel 2.2-3.2 GHz 10 nm ?
2018 Zen+ AMD 2.8-3.7 GHz 12 nm 4800
2019 Zen 2 AMD 2-4.7 GHz 7 nm 3900
2019 z15 IBM 5.2 GHz 14 nm 9200

Referències[modifica]

  1. ↑ Cuesta, Albert «Quaranta anys d'un xip màgic». Diari Ara [Barcelona], núm.352, 17-11-2011, p.52. ISSN: 2014-010X.
  2. ↑ «Berkeley Hardware Prototypes». [Consulta: 15 juny 2008].
  3. ↑ Patterson, David A. «Reduced instruction set computers». Communications of the ACM, 28, 1985, pàg. 8. DOI: 10.1145/2465.214917.
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Kimura S, Komoto Y, Yano Y «Implementation of the V60/V70 and its FRM function». Micro, IEEE, 8, 2, 1988, pàg. 22–36. DOI: 10.1109/40.527.
  5. ↑ Inayoshi H, Kawasaki I, Nishimukai T, Sakamura K «Realization of Gmicro/200». Micro, IEEE, 8, 2, 1988, pàg. 12–21. DOI: 10.1109/40.526.
  6. ↑ Moore CR, Balser DM, Muhich JS, East RE (1992). "IBM Single Chip RISC Processor (RSC)". Proceedings of the 1991 IEEE International Conference on Computer Design on VLSI in Computer & Processors: 200–4, IEEE Computer Society [Consulta: 28 octubre 2009]  Arxivat 2013-10-04 a Wayback Machine. «Còpia arxivada». Arxivat de l'original el 2013-10-04. [Consulta: 28 octubre 2009].
  7. ↑ «PA-RISC Processors». [Consulta: 11 maig 2008].
  8. ↑ Anand Lal Shimpi. «A Closer Look at the Sandy Bridge Die». AnandTech, 10-01-2011.
  9. ↑ renethx. «Cedar (HD 5450) and Zacate (E350) are manufactured in TSMC 40 nm process». A: AMD Zacate — the next great HTPC chip?, 10 novembre 2011. 
  10. ↑ «AMD Revises Bulldozer Transistor Count: 1.2B, not 2B». AnandTech, 02-12-2011.
  11. ↑ «Sparc M8 processor». Oracle Corp.
  12. ↑ [enllaç sense format] https://www.nextplatform.com/2017/09/18/m8-last-hurrah-oracle-sparc/
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