Usuari:Wgarcia/proves

Armenis de Turquia
Türkiye Ermenileri

Població total	50,000—70,000 (excloent el cripto-armenis i els armenis ètnics hamshenis)
Llengua	turc (majoria), armeni (minoria)
Religió	Cristians (predominantment Església Apostòlica Armènia, minories de l'Església Catòlica Armènia i Església Evangèlica Armènia); no religiosos i musulmans.
Regions amb poblacions significatives
İstanbul, Hatay

El armenis de Turquia (turc: Türkiye Ermenileri; armeni: Թուրքահայեր, també Թրքահայեր, «armenis turcs»), un dels pobles indígenes de Turquia, tenen una població estimada entre 50.000 i 70.000, des dels 2 milions que hi havia el 1914. Avui en dia, pràcticament la totalitat del armenis turcs viuen a Istanbul. Donen suport als seus propis diaris i escoles, i la major part pertanyen a l'Església apostòlica armènia.

Fins al genocidi armeni de 1915, la major part de la població armènia a Turquia (aleshores l'Imperi otomà) vivien a la part oriental del país, que els armenis anomenen Armènia occidental (que correspon aproximadament a la moderna Regió de l'Anatòlia Oriental).

Història

Els armenis que viuen avui en dia a Turquia són el que queda del que havia estat una comunitat molt més gran que va existir per milers d'anys, molt abans de l'establiment del Soldanat Seljúcida de Rūm. Les estimacions de la població armènia a l'Imperi Otomà a la dècada abans de la Primera Guerra Mundial oscil·len entre 1,3 i 2 milions.

Quan Constantinoble va esdevenir finalment part de l'Imperi Otomà, el sultà li va donar suport financer a l'església apostòlica, per poder construir esglésies a la ciutat, cosa que abans no s'havia fet perquè els bizantins consideraven herètica a l'església. Els armenis a l'Imperi Otomà eren tractats com un millet separat, i rebien el tractament de ciutadans de segona classe, però eren tractats correctament fins pràcticament el final de l'imperi malgrat això. Molts armenis van guanyar posicions significatives a l'imperi en posicions com ara la banca, de la qual pràcticament tenien un monopoli, ja que més d'un 80% dels banquers eren armenis i l'empresa més antiga encara activa a Turquia (Zildjian) va ser fundada per un armeni.

Començant al final del segle XIX, la inestabilitat política, les condicions econòmiques i les contínues tensions ètniques van generar l'emigració d'almenys 100.000 armenis a Europa, Amèrica i el Proper Orient. Aquest èxode massiu de l'Imperi Otomà és el que va començar la diàspora armènia moderna a tot el món.

Va haver-hi molts conflictes entre els armenis i els turcs entre 1982 i 1915. El genocidi armeni es va desenvolupar al període des de 1915–1916 fins a 1918, durant el qual el govern otomà d'aquell moment va ordenar la deportació i massacre d'entre 0,9 i 1,2 milions d'armenis al·legant motius polítics i de seguretat. Aquestes mesures van afectar a la gran majoria dels armenis, un 75-80% dels armenis que vivien a l'Imperi Otomà durant la Primera Guerra Mundial. Molts van morir directament a massacres, mentre que d'altres van morir a causa de la deshidratació, malalties i fam durant les marxes de la mort al desert de Deir Ez-Zor, i encara més durant els assalts dels kurds als refugiats que s'escapaven i a les marxes de la mort organitzades per les autoritats.

Quant als armenis restants a la parts orientals del país, van trobar refugi al període 1917-1918 al Caucas i a les àrees controlades per la nova República Democràtica Armènia. Mai no van retornar als seus domicilis originaris a la Turquia oriental (compostos de sis vilayets, és a dir Erzurum, Van, Bitlis, Diyarbekir, Mamuretülaziz i Sivas. Els seus descendents es coneixen com a armenis ocults i hi estan presents a tot arreu l'Armènia occidental, però particularment a Dersim (Tuncelli), on es van viure conversions massives.

La major part dels supervivents armenis de la Cilícia i de les parts més al sud amb armenis com Diyarbakir van acabar al nord de Síria i l'Orient mitjà. Tot els que van sobreviure les deportacions a Deir al-Zor també fan acabar aquí. Els armenis deportats de les àrees sota control dels aliats al 1918, particularment l'efímer Mandat francès de Síria, que tenia control de la Turquia del sud-est i tota la [[Cilícia] d'acord amb els acords de Sykes-Picot, van poder tornar a les seves llars a recuperar les seves coses i buscar als seus éssers estimats. Després de la caiguda de la Cilícia francesa, alguns dels retornats van intentar quedar-se permanentment després que el territori es recuperés per a Turquia, però van acabar marxant a principis de la dècada de 1930 per diverses raons. Ela que van abandonar el mandat van acabar a Síria, França, Armènia, els Estats Units d'Amèrica i la resta d'Europa, en aquest ordre. La població armènia va patir un retrocés final durant massacres continuades i atrocitats durant el període de 1920-1923, durant la guerra d'independència turca. Els que van patir més van ser els armenis que van quedar a l'est i sur del país, i els grecs pòntics a la regió de la Mar Negra.

Al final de la dècada de 1920, sols un nombre testimonial d'armenis no convertits va restar a Turquia distribuïts molt dispersament a través de tots ele país, amb l'única població armènia viable a Istanbul i les seves rodalies. En el moment de l'establiment de la República de Turquia, la província de Hatay era part de Síria, i per aquesta raó aquesta àrea encara té algunes comunitats armènies establertes i reconegudes oficialment.

Demografia

A causa de diversos esdeveniments a Turquia durant l'últim segle els armenis a Turquia van patir massacres, forçats a amagar-se i convertir-se forçosament a l'islamisme, i això els va dividir entre diferents grups. Hi ha tres grups: armenis cristians, cripto-armenis i armenis musulmans. Els armenis cristians són en la major part dels casos una part de la minoria reconeguda, però també poden incloure els cripto-armenis que no estan reconeguts legalment com armenis però s'identifiquen com armenis i cristians, i per últim immigrants armenis a Turquia. Els cripto-armenis són armenis identificats legalment com a turcs i o bé són cristians i reconeixen obertament la seva identitat, o bé amaguen la seva identitat i practiquen el cripto-cristianisme o l'islam, o bé s'identifiquen obertament com armenis i practiquen l'islam o no coneixen la seva etnicitat en absolut. Es desconeix el total combinat de tots els armenis a Turquia, ate que el total de persones que són cripto-armenis és difícil de determinar, amb unes estimacions que van de 30.000 a alguns milions depenent de l'amplitud dels estàndards que usen els estudis per considerar els cripto-armenis. Tot i així, el total d'armenis immigrants i els que formen part de la minoria reconeguda s'estimaria en uns 150.000-170.000. Una altra estadística seria la quantitat de persones que són membres del Patriarcat Armeni de Constantinoble, d'uns 95.000.

Cristians armenis

La població armènia cristiana oficialment reconeguda s'estima entre 50.000 i 70.000 persones, que viuen principalment a Istanbul i els seus voltants. Gairebé tots són membres de la Esglèsia Apostòlica Armènia, de la Església Catòlica Armènia i de la Església Evangèlica Armènia. El nombre de cristians armenis està disminuint per un cantó a causa de l'emigració a Europa, Amèrica o Austràlia, però per un altre cantó s'incrementa a causa d'immigrants d'Armènia per motius laborals, o de cripto-armenis que decideixen identificar-se plenament com armenis i convertir-se al cristianisme. Tot i així la major part del creixement no es registra a les dades oficials, atès que els cripto-armenis no figuren com a part de la minoria reconeguda per les lleis turques sobre les minories reconegudes (armenis, grecs i jueus). Quant als immigrants armenis, la majoria no poden integrar-se a la minoria reconeguda perquè són immigrants i·legals. el nombre de cristians armenis de jure és més petit que el nombre de facto.

La minoria armènia és reconeguda com un «millet» separat al sistema turc, i té les seves pròpies institucions religioses, culturals, socials i educatives així com a premsa pròpia. La comunitat armènia turca té dificultats per mantenir totes aquestes institucions a causa de la demanda decreixent per l'emigració creixent de la comunitat i les dificultats econòmiques associades.

Regions amb cristians armenis

Istanbul

La comunitat armènia a Istanbul és la més gran a Turquia, a causa que va ser l'únic lloc on els cristians armenis van ser protegits parcialment en el moment de la creació de Turquia després del genocidi armeni. Altres factors poden ser que el patriarcat tingui la seva seu central a la ciutat, i l'economia i qualitat de vida de la ciutat que atrau a immigrants armenis el que va permetre a la comunitat mantenir nombres estables de població. Això va contrarestar la discriminació i emigració constant, i, a contrari de la comunitat grega, que en comparació no va tenir pràcticament immigració i avui en dia sols té entre 2 i 3 mil membres majorment ancians, malgrat que originalment tenia molt més membres que la comunitat armènia.

Algunes de les àrees més importants d'armenis a Istanbul són els districtes de Pangaltı i Kumkapı. A Kumkapi hi ha el patriarcat, i es coneix pels seus nombrosos restaurants de peix i les seves esglésies històriques. Una de les diferències principals és que Kumbapi és majorment apostòlic mentre que Pangalti té una barreja d'apostòlics i catòlics. Kumkapi està localitzada a la ciutat vella, mentre que Pangalti està a la part nova.

Província de Hatay

Iskenderun té una petita església armènia, i una comunitat d'una dotzena d'armenis.

Vakıflı Köyü (Armenian: Վաքիֆ — Vakif) és l'únic poble d'ètnia completament armènia que queda a Turquia. Aquest poble i 6 altres van poder sobreviure al genocidi armeni a la defensa de Musa Dagh. Aquest poble existeix avui en dia a causa que part de la població va decidir quedar-se després que la província de Hatay va ser invadida i annexada per Turquia el 1939, mentre que la població dels altres 6 pobles van decidir marxar. Està localitzat als pendents de Musa Dagh al districte de Samandağ de la província de Hatay. El poble té vistes a la Mar Mediterrània i està molt a prop de la frontera amb Síria. Hi viuen uns 130 armenis turcs,, mentre que unes 300 persones originàries del poble retornen per visitar durant l'estiu.

Immigració des d'Armènia

La presència de cristians armenis es reforça per un flux constant d'immigrants principalment il·legals des d'Armènia que busquen residir a Turquia buscant millors oportunitats de treball, on la diferència de salaris pots ser força significativa. Malgrat una opinió pública negativa a Armènia sobre «un armeni que treballa per a un turc», com a resultat d'un segle de relacions difícils entre els dos països, el 2010 hi havia entre 22.000 i 25.000 ciutadans armenis vivint il·legalment sols a Istanbul, d'acord amb les autoritats turques, i un total estimat de 100.000. Molts d'ells estan empleats com a servei domèstic a llars turques, com ara cuinant o netejant.. D'acord amb una enquesta de 2009 de 150 immigrants treballadors armenis, la major part són dones. El 2010, en mig de l'impuls per al reconeixment dels esdeveniments de 1915 com a genocidi, el primer ministre Erdoğan va amenaçar amb la deportació dels immigrants il·legals cap a Armènia, però la situació es va calmar gradualment. Alguns immigrants armenis no es plantegen tornar al seu país en haver-se adaptat a la vida a Turquia. A partir del 2011, els fills de ciutadans armenis que viuen il·legalment a Istanbul han estat admesos a escoles de la minoria armènia, però en no ser ciutadans turcs, no poden rebre títols oficials en acabar el curs.

Armenis musulmans

Hemshins

A Turquia hi ha també els Hopa Hemshinli (també anomenats ocasionalment com Hemshinli orientals a algunes publicaciones) que són musulmans sunnites d'origen i cultura armènia que es van convertir a l'islam durant la dominació otomana o anteriorment, i viuen principalment als comtats de Hopa i Borçka counties de la província turca Artvin. A més de turc, parlen un dialecte del armeni occidental que ells anomenen «Homshetsma» o «Hemşince» en turc.

Altres armenis

Cripto-armenis

Armenis ocults o cripto-armenis és un terme genèric per descriure persones a Turquia «d'origen ètnic armeni complet o parcial que generalment oculten la seva identitat armènia de la societat turca més àmplia.» Són descendent d'armeni de Turquia que es van islamitzar o es van amagar entre els kurds o els turcs per salvar les seves vides, per evitar la deportació o la pèrdua de propietats durant el genocidi armeni. Les maneres en que es van convertir van ser diverses, entre d'altres òrfenes adoptats per famílies musulmanes, dones armènies que van ser casades amb soldats, i famílies senceres que es van unir a comunitats que les van acceptar. Aquesta última opció es diu que va succeir en massa a la província de Dersim (Tunceli).

Molts criptos ignoren completament el seu origen armeni, i viuen com a turcs o kurds, mentre que d'altres saben que són armenis però l'oculten per por a la discriminació.

Religious affiliation

Considering the advanced nature of Crypto Armenians, They cannot be classified as either Muslim or Christian. Some practice Crypto-Christianity, masquerading as Muslims, while many genuinely practice Islam. Most Cryptos who later identify as Armenians are Christian as well, with a common practice among those who confess their ethnicity being to have a Christian baptism performed. Still, some who confess do not change their religion, and continue on as Muslims. Others even practice both faiths depending on where they are. That may just be due to a lack of churches, and for identified Armenians who are Muslim, a fear of Turkish extremists.

Politics

The traditional Armenian political parties were known to be very active in Armenian-Turkish political life from the 1890s to 1915 at least and this included the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF - Dashnagtsutiun), the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party (Hunchak) and the Armenakan Party, the predecessor of the Armenian Democratic Liberal Party (Ramgavar Party). But the activities of all these Armenian parties were curtailed after 1915, and ethnic-based political parties as well as religious-based political parties are de jure prohibited in Turkey.

Some point to the fact that in the early 1920s, there were a number of Armenians in Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's movement, even actively aiding him in his Turkish National Movement and supporting his Kemalist ideology and secular movement. The Armenians perceived in the secular state established by Atatürk a way of survival for the remnants of Armenians still in Turkey.

The wealth tax known as Varlık Vergisi, a Turkish tax levied on the wealthy citizens of Turkey by a law enacted on November 11, 1942, with the stated aim of raising funds for the country's defense in case of an eventual entry into World War II had devastating effect on the ethnic minorities of Turkey, and most importantly the Armenian community. The draconian law came under harsh criticism, as property holders had to sell a lot of their assets at greatly deflated prices or such assets were confiscated by the authorities. The unpopular law was abolished on March 15, 1944.

The Armenians of Turkey were also highly critical of the activist role that the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA), the Justice Commandos Against Armenian Genocide (JCAG), Armenian Revolutionary Army (ARA) and other Armenian guerrilla organizations played in targeting Turkish diplomats and interests worldwide at the height of their anti-Turkish campaign in the 1970s and 1980s. The fears of the Turkish Armenians were justified with the fact that at many times, Turkish-Armenian institutions and even religious centers were targeted by threats and actual bombings in retaliation of the acts of ASALA, JCAG, ARA and others.

The Turkish-Armenian Artin Penik committed suicide in 1982 by self-immolation in protest of the terrorist attack on 7 August 1982 in Ankara's Esenboğa International Airport by the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia. Penik died five days after he set himself on fire in Taksim plaza, the main square of Istanbul, Turkey, and his stance was reflected by the Turkish mass media as a protest of most Turkish-Armenians against such attacks. Nine people had been killed and more than 70 wounded in the attack on the Turkish airport.

Another turbulent point for the Armenian community of Turkey was the highly publicized public trial of the Armenian gunman and one of the perpetrators of the attack, the 25-year-old Levon Ekmekjian, who was found guilty and eventually hanged at Ankara's civilian prison on January 30, 1983. He had been sentenced to death in September 1982 after having confessed that he had carried out the airport attack with another gunman on behalf of ASALA, and despite the fact that he publicly condemned violent acts during his own trial and appealed to the Armenian militants to stop the violence.

The Turkish Armenian Reconciliation Commission (TARC) was set up in July 2001 a joint project of a number of Turkish and Armenian intellectuals and political experts to discuss various aspects of the Turkish-Armenian relations and approving a set of recommendations to the governments of Turkey and Armenia on how to improve the strained relations between the two countries.

Thousands of Turks joined Turkish intellectuals in publicly apologizing for the World War I era mass killings and deportations of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire. The unprecedented apology was initiated by a group of 200 Turkish academics, journalists, writers and artists disagreeing with the official Turkish version of what many historians consider the first genocide of the 20th century. Their petition, entitled "I apologize", was posted on a special website http://www.ozurdiliyoruz.com/.

On the occasion of a World Cup qualifying match between the two national football teams of Turkey and Armenia in the Armenian capital Yerevan, and following the Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan's invitation to attend the match, on 6 September 2008, the Turkish President Abdullah Gül paid a breakthrough landmark visit to Armenia that he said "promises hope for the future" for the two countries. The Armenian president Sargsyan will reciprocate the visit to Turkey during 2009.

Local politics

The Armenians in Turkey used to be active in Turkish politics. The Turkish-Armenian Sarkis "Aghparik" Cherkezian and Aram Pehlivanyan (Nickname: Ahmet Saydan) played a pivotal role in the founding of the Turkish Communist Party. There used to be Armenian activists in many other Turkish political parties as well. In 2015, three Turkish-Armenians, Garo Paylan (Peoples' Democratic Party), Markar Esayan (Justice and Development Party), and Selina Özuzun Doğan (Republican People's Party)—were elected, and became the first Armenians to be elected as Member of Parliament to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey since 1961.

Hrant Dink, the Turkish-Armenian journalist, writer and political activist, and the chief editor and publisher of Agos had carved himself a position of that of a very prominent figure for conveying the ideas and aspirations of the Armenian community in Turkey not only for Turkish-Armenians but for many Armenians worldwide. His newspaper Agos had played an important role in presenting Armenian historical grievances through publishing of articles and opinions in the Turkish language addressed to the Turkish public opinion. His assassination in front of his newspaper offices on January 19, 2007 turned into an occasion for expression of national grief throughout Turkey and the rallying of great support for the concerns of the Armenian community in Turkey by the general Turkish public.

Protests in Istanbul during the funeral of murdered journalist Hrant Dink where more than 100,000 people marched. Protesters hold banners saying "We are all Hrant, we are all Armenians". (panorama from Halaskargazi Boulevard in Şişli district)

Dink was best known for advocating Turkish-Armenian reconciliation and human and minority rights in Turkey; he was often critical of both Turkey's denial of the Armenian Genocide, and of the Armenian diaspora's campaign for its international recognition. Dink was prosecuted three times for denigrating Turkishness, while receiving numerous death threats from Turkish nationalists. At his funeral, one hundred thousand mourners marched in protest of the assassination, chanting "We are all Armenians" and "We are all Hrant Dink". Criticism of Article 301 became increasingly vocal after his death, leading to parliamentary proposals for repeal of the law.

Religion

Surp Krikor Lusavoriç Kilisesi (St. Gregory The Enlightener Church) in Kuzguncuk, Üsküdar, Istanbul.

Assumption Armenian Catholic Church in Büyükada, Adalar, Istanbul.

Religious affiliation

Virtually all Armenians who are officially registered as part of the Armenian Minority are Christians, and are either of the Armenian Apostolic, Catholic, or less commonly Protestant denominations. The religion of others and those not officially part of the minority is elaborated on in the Demographics section.

Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople

Article principal: Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople

The Armenian Patriarchate of Istanbul (officially Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople) is, since 1461, the religious head of the Armenian community in Turkey. The Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople has exerted a very significant political role earlier and today still exercises a spiritual authority, which earns it considerable respect among Orthodox churches. The Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople recognizes the primacy of the Supreme Patriarch and Catholicos of All Armenians, in the spiritual and administrative headquarters of the Armenian Church, the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, Vagharshapat, Republic of Armenia, in matters that pertain to the worldwide Armenian Church. In local matters, the Patriarchal See is autonomous.

Archbishop Patriarch Mesrob II Mutafyan of Constantinople is the 84th Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople under the authority of the Supreme Patriarch and Catholicos of All Armenians.

Armenian Catholic Archdiocese of Constantinople

The Armenian Catholic Archdiocese of Constantinople is based in Istanbul and in 2008 reported 3,650 followers.

Christmas date, etiquette and customs

Armenians celebrate Christmas at a date later than most of the Christians, on 6 January rather than 25 December. The reason for this is historical; according to Armenians, Christians once celebrated Christmas on 6 January, until the 4th century. 25 December was originally a pagan holiday that celebrated the birth of the sun. Many members of the church continued to celebrate both holidays, and the Roman church changed the date of Christmas to be 25 December and declared January 6 to be the date when the three wise men visited the baby Jesus. As the Armenian Apostolic Church had already separated from the Roman church at that time, the date of Christmas remained unchanged for Armenians.

The Armenians in Turkey refer to Christmas as Surp Dzınunt (Holy Birth) and have fifty days of preparation called Hisnag before Christmas. The first, fourth and seventh weeks of Hisnag are periods of vegetarian fast for church members and every Saturday at sunset a new purple candle is lit with prayers and hymns. On the second day of Christmas, 7 January, families visit graves of relatives and say prayers.

Armenian Churches in Turkey

Article principal: List of Armenian churches in Turkey

Turkey has hundreds of Armenian churches, however the majority of which are either in ruins or are being used for other purposes. Armenian churches still in active use belong to various denominations, mainly Armenian Apostolic, but also Armenian Catholic and Armenian Evangelical Protestant.

Education

Turkey’s Armenian community faces educational problems due to the steadily decreasing number of students every school year and lack of funding. The number of Armenian schools decreases year by year. This number has fallen from 47 to 17 today with currently 3,000 Armenian students, down from 6,000 Armenian students in 1981. Schools are kindergarten through 12th grade (K–12), kindergarten through 8th grade (K-8) or 9th grade through 12th (9–12). Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu means "Armenian primary+secondary school". Ermeni Lisesi means "Armenian high school". The Armenian schools apply the full Turkish curriculum in addition to Armenian subjects, mainly Armenian language, literature and religion.

In September 2011, the Turkish government recognized the right of immigrant families from Armenia to send their children to schools of the Turkey's Armenian community. This move came as a result of lobbying of Deputy Patriarch Aram Ateşyan, according to whom there were some 1,000 children of Armenian immigrants in Turkey at that time. However, as they are not Turkish citizens, at the end of the school term, they do not receive diplomas.

K-8

• Aramyan-Uncuyan Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu
• Bezciyan Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu
• Bomonti Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu
• Dadyan Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu
• Kalfayan Cemaran İlköğretim Okulu
• Karagözyan İlköğretim Okulu
• Kocamustafapaşa Anarat Higutyun Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu
• Levon Vartuhyan Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu
• Feriköy Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu
• Nersesyan-Yermonyan Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu
• Pangaltı Anarat Higutyun Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu
• Tarkmanças Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu
• Yeşilköy Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu

9–12

• Getronagan Ermeni Lisesi
• Surp Haç Ermeni Lisesi

K–12

• Esayan Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu ve Lisesi
• Pangaltı Ermeni Lisesi
• Sahakyan-Nunyan Ermeni Lisesi

Health

Surp Prgiç Armenian Hospital, Zeytinburnu

Among other institutions, Turkish Armenians also have their own long-running hospitals:

• Surp Prgiç Armenian Hospital (Սուրբ Փրկիչ in Armenian - pronounced Sourp Pergitch or St Saviour). It also has its media information bulletin called "Surp Prgiç"
• Surp Agop Armenian Hospital (Սուրբ Յակոբ in Armenian pronounced Sourp Hagop)

Language

The majority of Armenians in Turkey speak Turkish. Only about 18% of them can speak Armenian, and most of that number are bilingual, with some having Armenian as their first language, and others learning it as a second language.

Western Armenian

Article principal: Western Armenian

Western Armenian (armeni: Արեւմտահայերէն pronounced Arevmedahayeren), armeni: Արեւմտեան աշխարհաբար pronounced Arevmedyan Ashkharhapar, (and earlier known as armeni: Թրքահայերէն, namely "Trkahayeren" (Turkish-Armenian)) are one of the two modern dialects of the modern Armenian, an Indo-European language.

The Western Armenian dialect was developed in the early part of the 19th century, based on the Armenian dialect of the Armenians in Istanbul, to replace many of the Armenian dialects spoken throughout Turkey.

It was widely adopted in literary Armenian writing and in Armenian media published in the Ottoman Empire, as well as large parts of the Armenian Diaspora and in modern Turkey. Partly because of this, Istanbul veritably became the cultural and literary center of the Western Armenians in the 19th and early 20th century.

Western Armenian is the language spoken by almost all of the Armenian diaspora. The only diaspora community that uses Eastern Armenian is the Iranian Armenian community, or those who immigrated from Armenia. Nevertheless, Western Armenian is the primary dialect of Armenian found in North and South America, Europe (except those in Russia) and most of the Middle East (except in Iran and Armenia). Western Armenian is the primary language of the diaspora because the great majority of the Armenian diaspora in all these areas (Europe, Americas, Middle East) was formed in the 19th and early 20th century by Armenian populations from the Ottoman Empire, which is where Western Armenian was historically spoken.

Neverthless, The Western Armenian language is still spoken by a small minority of the present-day Armenian community in Turkey. However, Only 18 percent of the Armenian community speaks Western Armenian, while 82 percent of the Armenian community speaks Turkish. This percentage is even lower among younger people of whom only 8 percent speaks Western Armenian and 92 percent speaks Turkish. Turkish is replacing Western Armenian as a mother language, and UNESCO has added Western Armenian in its annual "Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger" where the Western Armenian language in Turkey is defined as a definitely endangered language.

The Western Armenian language is markedly different in grammar, pronunciation and spelling from the Eastern Armenian language spoken in Armenia, Iran and Russia, although they are both mutually intelligible. Western Armenian still keeps the classical Armenian orthography known as Mashdotsian Spelling, whereas Eastern Armenian adopted reformed spelling in the 1920s (Eastern Armenian in Iran did not adopt this reform then).

Armeno-Turkish (Turkish in Armenian alphabet)

From the early 18th century until around 1950, and for almost 250 years, more than 2000 books were printed in the Turkish language using letters of the Armenian alphabet. This is popularly known as Armeno-Turkish.

Armeno-Turkish was not used just by Armenians, but also many non-Armenian elite (including the Ottoman Turkish intellectuals) could actually read the Armenian-alphabet Turkish language texts.

The Armenian alphabet was also used alongside the Arabic alphabet on official documents of the Ottoman Empire, written in Ottoman Turkish. For example, the Aleppo edition of the official gazette of the Ottoman Empire, called "Frat" (Turkish and Arabic for the Euphrates) contained a Turkish section of laws printed in Armenian alphabet.

Also very notably, the first novel to be written in the Ottoman Empire was 1851's Akabi Hikayesi, written by Armenian statesman, journalist and novelist Vartan Pasha (Hovsep Vartanian) in Ottoman Turkish, was published with Armenian script. Akabi Hikayesi depicted an impossible love story between two young people coming from two different communities amidst hostility and adversity.

When the Armenian Duzian family managed the Ottoman mint during the reign of Abdülmecid I, they kept their records in Ottoman Turkish written in Armenian script.

Great collection of Armeno-Turkish could be found in Christian Armenian worship until the late 1950s. The Bible used by many Armenians in the Ottoman Empire was not only the Bible versions printed in Armenian, but also at times the translated Turkish language Bibles using the Armenian alphabet. Usage continued in Armenian church gatherings specially for those who were Turkophones rather than Armenophones. Many of the Christian spiritual songs used in certain Armenian churches were also in Armeno-Turkish.

Armenians and the Turkish language

The Armenian school in Kumkapi, Istanbul (next to the Surp Asdvadzadzin Patriarchal Church)

Armenians played a key role in the promotion of the Turkish language including the reforms of the Turkish language initiated by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

Bedros Keresteciyan, the Ottoman linguist completed the first etymological dictionary of Turkish. Armenians contributed considerably to the development of printing in Turkey: Tokatlı Apkar Tıbir started a printing house in Istanbul in 1567, the historian Eremia Çelebi, Merzifonlu Krikor, Sivaslı Parseh, Hagop Brothers, Haçik Kevorkyan Abraham from Thrace, Eğinli Bogos Arabian, Hovannes Muhendisian, Rephael Kazancian were among many. Bogos Arabian issued the first Turkish daily newspaper, Takvim-i Vekayi and its translation to Armenian. Hovannes Muhendisian is known as the "Turkish Gutenberg". Haçik Kevorkyan updated the Ottoman Turkish alphabet. Yervant Mısırlıyan developed and implemented publishing books in installments for the first time in the Ottoman Empire. Kasap Efendi, published the first Comic magazine Diyojen in 1870.

Agop Dilâçar (1895–1979) was a Turkish Armenian linguist who had great contribution to the reform of Turkish language. He specialized in Turkic languages and was the first Secretary General and head specialist of the Turkish Language Association (TLA) from its establishment in 1932 until 1979. In addition to Armenian and Turkish, Martayan knew English, Greek, Spanish, Latin, German, Russian and Bulgarian. He was invited on September 22, 1932, as a linguistics specialist to the First Turkish Language Congress supervised by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Istepan Gurdikyan (1865–1948), linguist, Turcologist, educator and academic and Kevork Şimkeşyan both ethnic Armenians were also prominent speakers at the first Turkish Language Conference. Agop Martayan Dilaçar continued his work and research on the Turkish language as the head specialist and Secretary General of the newly founded Turkish Language Association in Ankara. Atatürk suggested him the surname Dilaçar (literally meaning language opener), which he accepted. He taught history and language at Ankara University between 1936 and 1951 and was the head advisor of the Türk Ansiklopedisi (Turkish Encyclopedia), between 1942 and 1960. He held his position and continued his research in linguistics at the Turkish Language Association until his death in 1979.

Culture

Armenians try to keep a rich cultural life and do participate in the Turkish art scene.

Music

The pan-Turkish Kardeş Türküler cultural and musical formation, in addition to performing a rich selection of Turkish, Kurdish, Georgian, Arabic and gypsy musical numbers, also includes a number of beautiful interpretation of Armenian traditional music in its repertoire. It gave sold-out concerts in Armenia as part of the Turkish-Armenian Cultural Program, which was made possible with support from USAID.

The "Sayat-Nova" choir was founded in 1971 under the sponsorship of the St. Children’s Church of Istanbul performs traditional Armenian songs and studies and interprets Armenian folk music.

In classical opera music and theatre, Toto Karaca was a major figure on the stage. In the folk tradition, the effect of Udi Hrant Kenkulian as a legendary oud player is indisputable.

In contemporary music, Arto Tunçboyacıyan and his brother the late Onno Tunç are two veritable jazz musicians, composers and arrangers. The Turkish rock artist Yaşar Kurt declared he was of ethnic Armenian descent. Another famous Armenian rock musician is Hayko Cepkin. Hayko Tataryan is also well known for singing in Turkish, Armenian and Greek, so is his son Alex Tataryan. Very recently the Turkish-Armenian singer Sibil Pektorosoğlu (better known by her mononym Sibil) has become popular winning pan-Armenian music prizes for her recordings.

Cinema and acting

In movie acting, special mention should be made of Vahi Öz who appeared in countless movies from the 1940s until the late 1960s, Sami Hazinses (real name Samuel Agop Uluçyan) who appeared in tens of Turkish movies from the 1950s until the 1990s and Nubar Terziyan who appeared in more than 400 movies.Movie actor and director Kenan Pars (real name Kirkor Cezveciyan) and theatre and film actress Irma Felekyan (aka Toto Karaca), who was mother of Cem Karaca.

Photography

In photography Ara Güler is a famous photojournalist of Armenian descent, nicknamed "the Eye of Istanbul" or "the Photographer of Istanbul".

Literature

Turkish Armenian novelists, poets, essayists and literary critics continue to play a very important role particularly in the literary scene of the Armenian diaspora, with works of quality in Western Armenian.

Robert Haddedjian chief editor of Marmara newspaper published in Istanbul remains a pivotal figure in the literary criticism scene. Zareh Yaldizciyan (1923–2007), better known by his pen name Zahrad was a renowned Western Armenian poet.

Media

Istanbul was home to a number of long-running and influential Armenian publications. Very notable now-defunct daily newspapers included Arevelk (1884–1915), Puzantyon (1896–1908), Sourhantag (1899–1908), Manzoume Efkyar (1912–1917), Vertchin Lour (1914–1924). Outside Istanbul, the notable daily publications included Arshalouys (1909–1914), Tashink (1909–1914) and Van (1908–1909).

Presently, Istanbul has two Armenian language dailies. These two newspapers, Jamanag (established in 1908) and Marmara also have a long tradition of keeping alive the Turkish Armenian literature, which is an integral part of the Western Armenian language and Armenian literature.

• Jamanag (Ժամանակ in Armenian meaning time) is a long-running Armenian language daily newspaper published in Istanbul, Turkey. The daily was established in 1908 by Misak Kochounian and has been somewhat a family establishment, given that it has been owned by the Kochounian family since its inception. After Misak Kochounian, it was passed down to Sarkis Kochounian, and since 1992 is edited by Ara Kochounian.
• Marmara, [7] daily in Armenian (Armenian: Մարմարա) (sometimes "Nor Marmara" - New Marmara) is an Armenian-language daily newspaper published since 1940 in Istanbul, Turkey. It was established by Armenian journalist Souren Shamlian. Robert Haddeler took over the paper in 1967. Marmara is published six times a week (except on Sundays). The Friday edition contains a section in Turkish as well. Circulation is reported at 2000 per issue.
• Agos, [8] (Armenian: Ակօս, "Furrow") is a bilingual Armenian weekly newspaper published in Istanbul in Turkish and Armenian. It was established on 5 April 1996. Today, it has a circulation of around 5,000. Besides Armenian and Turkish pages, the newspaper has an on-line English edition as well. Hrant Dink was its chief editor from the newspaper's start until his assassination outside of the newspaper's offices in Istanbul in January 2007. Hrant Dink's son Arat Dink served as the executive editor of the weekly after his assassination.
• Lraper, [9] (Լրաբեր in Armenian) is a trilingual periodical publication in Armenian, Turkish and English languages and is the official organ of the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople

Other Armenian media titles include: Sourp Pergiç (St. Saviour) the magazine of the Armenian Sourp Pergiç (Pergitch) Hospital, also Kulis, Shoghagat, Norsan and the humorous Jbid (smile in Armenian)

In September 2011, the Turkish government granted some financing to Jamanak, Marmara and Agos as part of a wider campaign in support of existing minority newspapers in Turkey. The Turkish Press Advertisement Agency also declared intention to publish official government advertisements in minority newspapers including Armenian ones.

Famous Turkish-Armenians

Articles principals: List of Ottoman-Armenians i List of Turkish-Armenians

Turkish Armenians in the Diaspora

Despite leaving their homes in Turkey, the Turkish Armenians traditionally establish their own unions within the Armenian Diaspora. Usually named "Bolsahay Miutyun"s (Istanbul-Armenian Associations), they can be found in their new adopted cities of important Turkish-Armenian populations. Among them are the "Organization of Istanbul Armenians of Los Angeles", the "Istanbul Armenian Association in Montreal", etc.

The Turkish Ambassador in Berlin, Hüseyin Avni Karslıoğlu, inaugurated in December 2012 at the Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp a memorial stone with bronze letters (third of its kind after the Polish and Dutch similars) to the memory of eight Turkish citizens killed during the Holocaust, one of whom is a Turkish Armenian with the name Garabed Taşçıyan.

See also

• Minorities in Turkey
• General
  • Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople
  • List of Armenian Patriarchs of Constantinople
  • List of Turkish-Armenians
  • Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
  • Ottoman Armenian casualties
  • Armenian-Turkish relations
  • Confiscated Armenian Properties in Turkey
  • Armenian cultural heritage in Turkey
  • Varlık Vergisi
• Demography
  • Diyarbakır
  • Beyoğlu
  • Istanbul
  • Kumkapı
  • Crypto-Armenians
  • Hemshin peoples
  • Vakıflı, Samandağ, the only remaining ethnic Armenian village in Turkey.
• Personalities
  • Agop Dilâçar
  • Vartan Pasha
  • Hrant Dink
  • Patriarch Shenork I Kaloustian
  • Patriarch Karekin II Kazanjian
  • Patriarch Mesrob II Mutafyan
• Media
  • Agos
  • Marmara (newspaper)
  • Jamanag

Bibliografia

• Başyurt, Erhan «Anneannem bir Ermeni'ymiş!» (en turkish). Aksiyon. Feza Gazetecilik A.Ş., vol. 577, 26-12-2005 [Consulta: 28 agost 2008].
• Kevorkian, Raymond H.; Paboudjian, Paul b. Les Arméniens dans l'Empire Ottoman à la vielle du génocide (en francès). París: Arhis, 1992. ISBN 9782906755093. 
• McCarthy, Justin. The Population of Ottoman Anatolia and the End of the Empire (en anglès). New York: New York University Press, 1983. ISBN 9780814753903. 

Further reading

• H. Birsen Örs, "Perception of the Army by Armenian Minorities Living in Turkey," Armed Forces & Society Vol. 36, No. 4 (2010).

External links

A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Wgarcia/proves

General

• Istanbul Armenians site
• Surp Prgiç Armenian Hospital website
• Armenians in Turkey TodayPDF (348 KiB) Tessa Hofmann
• Organization of Istanbul Armenians of Los Angeles
• Ozur Diliyoruz Turkish Apology site
• The Armenian Genocide 1915

Media

• Agos Armenian weekly newspaper
• Lraper, Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople Bulletin
• Marmara Armenian daily newspaper
• Hye Tert Armenian site (Turkish)