Mamelucs de Delhi

Mamluk Sultanate

← ← ← ← 1206 – 1290 →
Informació
Capital	Delhi
Idioma oficial	Persian and Turkic
Religió	Sunni Islam
Període històric
Establiment	1206
Dissolució	1290
Política
Forma de govern	Sultanate
Sultan
• 1206–1210:	Qutb-ud-din Aibak
• 1286–1290:	Muiz ud din Qaiqabad

Mamluk Sultanate

← ← ← ← 1206 – 1290 →
Informació
Capital	Delhi
Idioma oficial	Persian and Turkic
Religió	Sunni Islam
Període històric
Establiment	1206
Dissolució	1290
Política
Forma de govern	Sultanate
Sultan
• 1206–1210:	Qutb-ud-din Aibak
• 1286–1290:	Muiz ud din Qaiqabad

The Mamluk Dynasty (sometimes referred as Slave Dynasty or Ghulam Dynasty) (Urdu: سلسله غلامان, Hindi: ग़ुलाम ख़ानदान), was directed into India by Qutb-ud-din Aybak, a Turkic general of Central Asian birth. It was the first of five unrelated dynasties to rule India's Delhi Sultanate from 1206 to 1290. Aybak's tenure as a Ghurid dynasty administrator ranged between 1192 to 1206, a period during which he led invasions into the Gangetic heartland of India and established control over some of the new areas.

El Mamluk Dynasty (a vegades referit com Dinastia Esclava o Ghulam Dynasty) (Urdú: , Hindi: ), era dirigit a Índia per Qutb-ud-din Aybak, un general de Turkic de naixement AsiÀTic Central. Era la primera de cinc dinasties inconnexes governar el Delhi sultanate de l'Índia de 1206 a 1290. < ref. name=Je_Walsh_68-70>. Walsh, pàg. 68-70 </ref>. . l'arrendament d'Aybak com un administrador de DINASTIA de GHURID oscil·lat entre 1192 a 1206, un període durant el qual portava invasions al cor Gangetic de l'Índia i establia control sobre alguns de les àrees noves.

Història

The Qutub Minar, an example of the Mamluk dynasty's works.

Mamluk, literally owned, was a soldier of slave origin who had converted to Islam. The phenomenon started in 9th century AD and gradually the Mamluks became a powerful military caste in various Muslim societies. Mamluks held political and military power most notably in Egypt, but also in the Levant, Iraq, and India.

Mamluk, literalment tingut, era un soldat d'origen esclau que s'havia convertit en Islam. El fenomen començava a 9è Anunci de segle i gradualment el Mamluks es convertia en una casta militar poderosa en diverses societats musulmanes. Mamluks tenia poder polític i militar més notablement a Egipte, però també en el Levant, Iraq, i índia. In 1206, Muhammad of Ghor died. He had no child, so after his death, his sultanate was divided into many parts by his slaves (mamluk generals). Taj-ud-Din Yildoz became the ruler of Ghazni. Mohammad Bin Bakhtiyar Khilji got Bengal. Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha became the sultan of Multan. Qutub-ud-din-Aybak became the sultan of Delhi, and that was the beginning of the Slave dynasty.

El 1206, Muhammad Of Ghor moria. No tenia cap nen, així després de la seva mort, el seu sultanate es dividia en moltes parts pels seus esclaus (generals de mamluk). Taj-ud-din Yildoz convenia al governant de Ghazni. MOHAMMAD BIN BAKHTIYAR KHILJI aconseguia Bengala. Nasir-ud-din Qabacha convenia al soldà de Multan. Qutub-ud-xivarri-aybak convertia el soldà de Delhi, i allò era el començament de la dinastia Esclava. .

Aybak rose to power when a Ghorid superior was assassinated. However, his reign as the Sultan of Delhi was short lived as he died in 1210 and his son Aram Shah rose to the throne, only to be assassinated by Iltutmish in 1211.

Aybak aconseguia poder quan un superior Ghorid s'assassinava. . Tanmateix, el seu regnat com el SoldÀ Of Delhi es vivia de manera curta mentre moria el 1210 i el seu fill ARAM SHAH aconseguia el tron, per només ser assassinat per Iltutmish el 1211.

The Sultanate under Iltutmish established cordial diplomatic contact with the Abbasid Caliphate between 1228–29 and had managed to keep India unaffected by the invasions of Genghis Khan and his successors. Following the death of Iltutmish in 1236 a series of weak rulers remained in power and a number of the noblemen gained autonomy over the provinces of the Sultanate. Power shifted hands from Rukn ud din Firuz to Razia Sultana until Ghiyas ud din Balban rose to the throne and successfully repelled both external and internal threats to the Sultanate. The Khalji dynasty came into being when Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji overthrew the last of the Slave dynasty rulers, Muiz ud din Qaiqabad, the grandson of Balban, and assumed the throne at Delhi.

El Sultanate sota Iltutmish establia contacte diplomàtic cordial amb l'Abbasid Caliphate entre 1228-29 i havia aconseguit mantenir insensible a les invasions de Genghis Khan i els seus successors l'Índia. . Després de la mort d'Iltutmish el 1236 una sèrie de governants dèbils romania al poder i un cert nombre dels nobles guanyaven autonomia sobre les províncies del Sultanate. El poder canviava mans de Rukn Ud Din Firuz a Razia Sultana fins que Ghiyas Ud Din Balban aconseguia el tron i reeixidament repel·lia amenaces tant externes com internes al Sultanate. . . La Dinastia de khalji arribava a ser quan enderrocava Jalal Ud Din Firuz Khilji l'últim dels governants de dinastia Esclaus, Muiz Ud Din Qaiqabad, el nét de Balban, i assumia el tron a Delhi. .

Arquitectura

Tomb of Iltutmish, Qutb complex, Mehrauli.

TOMBA D'ILTUTMISH, Complex de qutb, Mehrauli. The architectural legacy of the dynasty includes the Qutb Minar, Mehrauli by Qutb-ud-din Aybak, Sultan Ghari near Vasant Kunj, the first Islamic Mausoleum (tomb) built in 1231 A.D. for Prince Nasir ud din Mahmud, eldest son of Iltumish, and Balban's tomb, also in Mehrauli Archaeological Park.

El llegat arquitectònic de la dinastia inclou el Qutb Minar, Mehrauli per Qutb-ud-din Aybak Sultan Ghari prop de Vasant Kunj, el primer Mausoleu islàmic (tomba) construït el 1231 d. C. per a Príncep Nasir Ud Din Mahmud, fill més major d'Iltumish, i Tomba de balban's, també en Parc Arqueològic de Mehrauli.

Llista de Soldans Mamluk

Titular Name	Personal Name	Reign	Notes
Sultan Plantilla:Nastaliq	Qutb-ud-din Aibak Plantilla:Nastaliq	1206 – 1210	Temporarily quelled the rebellions of Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha of Multan and Tajuddin Yildoz of Ghazni. He made Lahore his capital and consolidated his control over North India through administrative hold over Delhi. He also initiated the construction of Delhi's earliest Muslim monuments, the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque and the Qutub Minar. Died accidentally in 1210 while he was playing a game of polo in Lahore on horseback: his horse fell and he was impaled on the pommel of his saddle. He was buried near the Anarkali bazaar in Lahore.
Sultan Plantilla:Nastaliq	Aram Shah Plantilla:Nastaliq	1210 – 1211	The rise of Chihalgani (The Forty); an elite group of 40 nobles. They conspired against Aram Shah and invited Shams-ud-din Iltutmish, then Governor of Badaun, to replace Aram. Iltutmish defeated Aram in the plain of Jud near Delhi in 1211. What became of Aram is not quite certain.
Nasir Amir-ul-Mu'minin Plantilla:Nastaliq	Shams-ud-din Iltutmish Plantilla:Nastaliq	1211 – 1236	He shifted Capital from Lahore to Delhi. He defeated Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha of Multan and Tajuddin Yildoz of Ghazni, who had declared themselves contenders of Delhi. Mongols invaded India in pursuit of Jalal-ud-din Mangabarni who was defeated at the Battle of Indus by Genghis Khan in 1221. After Genghis Khan's death Iltutmish consolidated his hold on northern India by retaking many of the lost territories. He built the Hauz-i-Shamsi reservoir in Mehrauli in 1230. In 1231, he built Sultan Ghari, the first Islamic Mausoleum in Delhi.
Sultan Plantilla:Nastaliq	Rukn-ud-din Feroze Plantilla:Nastaliq	April 1236 – November 1236	Ruled for just seven months. His mother Shah Turkan for all practical purposes was running the government. He abandoned himself to the pursuit of personal pleasure and debauchery, to the considerable outrage of the citizenry. On November 9, 1236, both Rukn-ud-din Feroze and his mother Shah Turkan were assassinated by the Chihalgani .
Jalâlat-ud-dîn Raziyâ Sultana Plantilla:Nastaliq	Razia al-Din Plantilla:Nastaliq	1236 – 1240	First Female Muslim Ruler in India. Initially she managed to impress the nobles and she administratively handled the Sultanate well before associating with the African Jamal-ud-Din Yaqut provoking racial antagonism amongst the nobles and clergy, who were primarily Turkish and already resented the rule of a female monarch. She was defeated by the powerful nobleman Malik Altunia whom she agreed to marry. However, her brother Muiz-ud-din Bahram usurped the throne with the help of the Chihalgani and defeated the combined forces of the Sultana and her husband. Both fled and reached Kaithal, where their remaining forces abandoned them. They both fell into the hands of Jats and were robbed and killed on October 14, 1240.
Sultan Plantilla:Nastaliq	Muiz-ud-din Bahram Plantilla:Nastaliq	1240 - May 15, 1242	During his reign the Chihalgani became disorderly and constantly bickered among each other. It was during this period of unrest that the Mongols invaded the Punjab & sacked Lahore. The sultan was too weak to take any step against them. The Chihalgani besieged him in the White Fort of Delhi and put him to death in 1242.
Sultan Plantilla:Nastaliq	Ala-ud-din Masud Plantilla:Nastaliq	1242 - 1246	He was more of a puppet for the Chihalgani (the forty chiefs) and did not actually have much power or influence in the government. Instead, he became infamous for his fondness of entertainment and wine. By 1246, the chiefs became upset with Sultan's increasing hunger for more power, and replaced him with Nasir-ud-din Mahmud, another son of Iltutmish.
Nasir-ud-din Feroze Shah Plantilla:Nastaliq	Nasir-ud-din Mahmud Plantilla:Nastaliq	1246 – 1266	As a ruler, Mahmud was known to be very religious, spending most of his time in prayer and renowned for aiding the poor and the distressed. However, it was actually his Deputy Sultan, Ghiyath-ud-din Balban, who primarily dealt with the state affairs.
Sultan Plantilla:Nastaliq	Ghiyath-ud-din Balban Plantilla:Nastaliq	1266 – 1286	Balban ruled with an iron fist. He broke up the Chihalgani group of nobleman. He tried to establish peace and order in India. He built many outposts in areas where there had been disorder and garrisoned them with soldiers. Balban wanted to make sure everyone was loyal to the crown, so he established an efficient espionage system.
Sultan Plantilla:Nastaliq	Muiz-ud-din Muhammad Qaiqabad Plantilla:Nastaliq	1286 – 1290	Being still young at the time, he ignored all state affairs. After four years, he suffered from a paralytic stroke and was later on murdered in 1290 by a Khilji chief. His three year old son, Kayumars (1290), nominally succeeded him. But the Slave dynasty had ended with the rise of the Khiljis

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Soldà Plantilla:Nastaliq	Qutb-ud-din Aibak Plantilla:Nastaliq	1206  ?? 1210	Temporalment reprimit les rebel·lions de Nasir-ud-din Qabacha de Multan i Tajuddin Yildoz de Ghazni. Feia la seva capital a Lahore i consolidava el seu control sobre Índia del Nord a través d'agafador administratiu sobre Delhi. També iniciava la construcció dels primers monuments musulmans de Delhi, la Mesquita de QUWWAT-UL-ISLAM i el Qutub Minar. Mort accidentalment el 1210 mentre estava jugant un joc de polo a Lahore a cavall: el seu cavall queia i s'empalava en ell el colpejar de la seva sella. Estava enterrat prop del Basar d'anarkali en Lahore.
Soldà Plantilla:Nastaliq	Aram Shah Plantilla:Nastaliq	1210  ?? 1211	La pujada de Chihalgani(Els Quaranta); un grup d'elit de 40 nobles. Conspiraven contra Aram Shah i convidaven Iltutmish Shams-ud-xivarri, llavors Governador de Badaun, per reemplaçar Aram. Iltutmish derrotava Aram a la plana de Jud prop de Delhi el 1211. El que passava amb Aram no està bastant segur.
Nasir Amir-ul-Mu'minin Plantilla:Nastaliq	Shams-ud-din Iltutmish Plantilla:Nastaliq	1211  ?? 1236	canviava Capital des de Lahore fins a Delhi. Derrotava Nasir-ud-din Qabacha de Multan i Tajuddin Yildoz de Ghazni, que s'havien declarat adversaris de Delhi. Mongols envaïa l'Índia en la recerca de Jalal-ud-din Mangabarni que era derrotat a la Batalla Of Indus per Genghis Khan el 1221. Després de la mort de Genghis Khan Iltutmish consolidava el seu agafador en Índia del nord reconquerint molts dels territoris perduts. Incorporava el pantà d'Hauz-i-shamsi en Mehrauli 1230. El 1231, construïa Sultan Ghari, el primer Mausoleu islàmic a Delhi.
Soldà Plantilla:Nastaliq	Rukn-ud-din Feroze Plantilla:Nastaliq	Abril de 1236 - novembre de 1236	Governat durant només set mesos. La seva mare Shah Turkan per a tots els propòsits pràctics estava dirigint el govern. S'abandonava a la recerca de plaer personal i debauchery, a l'atrocitat considerable de la ciutadania. EL 9 de novembre 1236, tant Feroze Rukn-ud-xivarri com la seva mare Shah Turkan s'assassinaven pel Chihalgani .
Jalâlat-ud-dîn Raziyâ Sultana Plantilla:Nastaliq	Razia al-din Plantilla:Nastaliq	1236  ?? 1240	Primer Governant Musulmà Femení a l'Índia. Inicialment aconseguia impressionar els nobles i administrativament manejava el Sultanate bé abans d'associar-se amb el Jamal-ud-din Yaqut africà que provoca antagonisme racial entre els nobles i clergat, que era principalment turc i ja molestava la regla d'un monarca femení. Era derrotada pel noble poderós Malik Altunia amb qui acceptava casar-se. Tanmateix, el seu germà Muiz-ud-din Bahram usurpava el tron amb l'ajuda del Chihalganii derrotava les forces combinades del Sultana i el seu marit. Els dos fugien i arribaven a Kaithal, on els abandonaven les seves forces restants. Tant Queien a les mans de Jats com es robaven i mataven el 14 D'octubre, 1240.
Soldà Plantilla:Nastaliq	Muiz-ud-din Bahram Plantilla:Nastaliq	1240 - 15 de maig, 1242	Durant el seu regnat el Chihalgani convertia disorderly i constantment discutit l'un entre l'altre. Era durant aquest període de malestar que el Mongols envaïa el Punjab & acomiadava Lahore. El soldà era massa dèbil per prendre qualsevol pas contra ells. El Chihalganiassetjat ell al Fort Blanc de Delhi i llançament ell a mort el 1242.
Soldà Plantilla:Nastaliq	Ala-ud-din Masud Plantilla:Nastaliq	1242 - 1246	era més d'un titella pel Chihalgani (els quaranta caps) i no tenia de fet gaire poder o influeix en el govern. En canvi, es tornava infame pel seu fondness de diversió i vi. Per 1246, els caps es tornaven preocupats amb la gana creixent de Soldà per més poder, i el canviaven per Nasir-ud-din Mahmud, un altre fill d'Iltutmish.
Feroze Shah Nasir-ud-xivarri Plantilla:Nastaliq	Nasir-ud-din Mahmud Plantilla:Nastaliq	1246  ?? 1266	Com a governant, Mahmud se sabia que era molt religiós, gastant-ne molts del seu temps en l'oració i cèlebre per ajudar els pobres i l'afligit. Tanmateix, era de fet el seu Suplent Sultan, Ghiyath-ud-din Balban, qui principalment tractava amb els afers estatals.
Soldà Plantilla:Nastaliq	Ghiyath-ud-din Balban Plantilla:Nastaliq	1266  ?? 1286	Balban governava amb un puny de ferro. Es dividia el Chihalgani grup de noble. Intentava establir pau i ordre a l'Índia. Construïa molts outposts en àrees on hi havia hagut desordre i els garrisoned amb soldats. Balban volia assegurar-se que tothom fos lleial a la corona, així establís un sistema d'espionatge eficient.
Soldà Plantilla:Nastaliq	Muiz-ud-din Muhammad Qaiqabad Plantilla:Nastaliq	1286  ?? 1290	' ' Sent encara jove a l'època, ignorava tots els afers estatals. Després de quatre anys, patia d'un cop paralític i estava més més tard assassinat el 1290 per un cap de Khilji. El seu fill vell de tres anys, Kayumars (1290), nominalment el succeïa. Però la dinastia Esclava havia acabat amb la pujada del Khiljis

Fitxer:Ghurid Empire in India.jpg

Ghurid Empire in India

300px|deixat|polze|Imperi Ghurid a l'Índia

Veure també

• List of Sunni Muslim dynasties

• Llista De Dinasties Musulmanes De SUNNI

Referències

• Anzalone, Christopher. «Delhi Sultanate». A: Ackermann, M. E. etc. Encyclopedia of World History. 2. Facts on File, 2008, p. 100–101. ISBN 978-0-8160-6386-4. 

• Anzalone, Christopher. «Delhi Sultanate». A: Ackermann, M. E. etc. Encyclopedia of World History. 2. Facts on File, 2008, p. 100–101. ISBN 978-0-8160-6386-4. 
• Walsh, J. E.. A Brief History of India. Facts on File, 2006. ISBN 0-8160-5658-7. 

• Walsh, J. E.. A Brief History of India. Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-5658-7. 
• Dynastic Chart The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 2, p. 368.

• [Carta Dinàstica de http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=Ds405.1.I34_V02_403.gif] El Gazetteer Of India Imperial, v. 2, pàg. 368.

lectura Més Llunyana

• Srivastava, A. L.. The History of India, 1000-1707 A.D.,. Shiva Lal Agarwala, 1967. 

• Srivastava, A. L.. The History of India, 1000-1707 A.D.,. Shiva Lal Agarwala. 

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