Piraustins

Piraustins
Pyraustinae
	; Eurrhypara hortulata
Taxonomia
Super-regne	Eukaryota
Regne	Animalia
Fílum	Arthropoda
Classe	Insecta
Ordre	Lepidoptera
Família	Crambidae
Subfamília	Pyraustinae ; Meyrick, 1890

Els piraustins (Pyraustinae) és gran subfamília de lepidòpters de la família dels Cràmbids. Actualment inclou més de 1.400 espècies, la majoria tropicals, però algunes es troben en regions temperades, incloses Amèrica del Nord i Europa.

Els Pyraustinae incloïen originalment els Spilomelinae; el grup actual era llavors considerat com una tribu Pyraustini. Encara no s'ha establert completament quins tàxons del Pyraustinae sensu lato pertanyen a Pyraustinae tal com s'entén actualment; per tant, augmenta el nombre d'espècies d'aquesta subfamília (encara que els Spilomelinae són el grup més gran de l'antiga Pyraustinae).

Les opinions dels taxonòmics difereixen quant a la correcta col·locació dels Crambidae; algunes autoritats que els tracten com a subfamília (Crambinae) de la família Pyralidae. Si això es fa, Pyraustinae normalment es tracta com una subfamília separada dins dels Pyralidae.

Els Pyraustinae es caracteritzen per tindre la spinula atrofiada i les vènules en els òrgans timpanals, un estret fornix tympani, una ranura longitudinal amb escates androconals a les tíbies mesotoràciques masculines, un antrum sovint espinós, i un sella (un ganivet dirigit medialament a l'interior del pterogòpode), i un editum amb setae modificades als pterogòpodes masculins.

Moltes espècies tenen larves que s'alimenten de tiges i fruites de plantes, i diverses, principalment del gènere Ostrinia, són plagues agrícoles greus.

Gèneres[modifica]

Acellalis Pagenstecher, 1884
Achyra Guenée, 1849 (= Achiria Sherborn, 1932, Achyria Sherborn, 1932, Dosara Walker, 1859, Eurycreon Lederer, 1863, Tritaea Meyrick, 1884)
Acropentias Meyrick, 1890
Adoxobotys Munroe, 1978
Aeolosma Meyrick, 1938
Aglaops Warren, 1892 (= Xanthopsamma Munroe & Mutuura, 1968)
Ametrea Munroe, 1964
Anamalaia Munroe & Mutuura, 1969
Anania Hübner, 1823 (= Algedonia Lederer, 1863, Mutuuraia Munroe, 1976, Nealgedonia Munroe, 1976, Ametasia M. O. Martin, 1986, Ebulea Doubleday, 1849, Ennychia Treitschke, 1828, Ennichia Duponchel, 1833, Ethiobotys Maes, 1997, Eurrhypara Hübner, 1825, Palpita Hübner, 1806, Proteurrhypara Munroe & Mutuura, 1969, Opsibotys Warren, 1890, Perinephela Hübner, 1825, Perinephele Hübner, 1826, Perinephila Hampson, 1897, Phlyctaenia Hübner, 1825, Polyctaenia Hübner, 1826, Pronomis Munroe & Mutuura, 1968, Tenerobotys Munroe & Mutuura, 1971, Trichovalva Amsel, 1956, Udonomeiga Mutuura, 1954)
Ancyloptila Meyrick, 1889
Aplectropus Hampson in Walsingham & Hampson, 1896
Aponia Munroe, 1964
Arenochroa Munroe, 1976
Arunamalaia Rose & Kirti, 1987
Asphadastis Meyrick, 1934
Atomoclostis Meyrick, 1934
Aulacoptera Hampson, 1896 (= Aulacophora Swinhoe, 1895; preoccupied by Aulacophora Dejean, 1835)
Aurorobotys Munroe & Mutuura, 1971
Authaeretis Meyrick, 1886 (= Anthaeretis Carus, 1887)
Auxolophotis Meyrick, 1933
Betousa Walker, 1865 (= Neothyris Warren, 1899)
Burathema Walker, 1863
Calamochrous Lederer, 1863 (= Calamochrosta Lederer, 1863)
Callibotys Munroe & Mutuura, 1969
Capparidia Dumont, 1931
Carminibotys Munroe & Mutuura, 1971
Catapsephis Hampson, 1899
Ceuthobotys Munroe, 1978
Charitoprepes Warren, 1896
Cheloterma Meyrick, 1933
Chilochroma Amsel, 1956
Chilocorsia Munroe, 1964
Chilopionea Munroe, 1964
Chobera Moore, 1888
Circobotys Butler, 1879
Clatrodes Marion & Viette, 1953
Coelobathra Turner, 1908
Coptobasoides Janse, 1935
Crocidophora Lederer, 1863 (= Crocidosema Lederer, 1863, Monocrocis Warren, 1895)
Crypsiptya Meyrick, 1894 (= Coclebotys Munroe & Mutuura, 1969)
Cryptosara E. L. Martin, 1956
Cybalobotys Maes, 2001
Cyclarcha Swinhoe, 1894
Daulia Walker, 1859 (= Girtexta Swinhoe, 1890)
Daunabotys Maes, 2004
Decelia Snellen, 1880
Deltobotys Munroe, 1964
Demobotys Munroe & Mutuura, 1969
Deuterophysa Warren, 1889 (= Gonopionea Hampson, 1913)
Discothyris Warren, 1895
Drachma Bryk, 1913
Ecpyrrhorrhoe Hübner, 1825 (= Ecpyrrhorrhoa J. L. R. Agassiz, 1846, Ecpyrrhorrhoea Hübner, 1826, Harpadispar Agenjo, 1952, Pyraustegia Marion, 1963, Yezobotys Munroe & Mutuura, 1969)
Elosita Snellen, 1899
Emphylica Turner, 1913
Endographis Meyrick, 1894
Endotrichella Collins, 1962 (= Endotrichodes Hampson, 1919)
Ennomosia Amsel, 1956
Enyocera Snellen, 1880
Epicorsia Hübner, 1818 (= Episcorsia Hübner, 1826)
Epiecia Walker, 1866
Epiparbattia Caradja, 1925
Eporidia Walker, 1859 (= Eporedia Walker, 1859)
Eretmopteryx Saalmüller, 1884
Erinothus Hampson, 1899
Euclasta Lederer, 1855 (= Ilurgia Walker, 1859, Proteuclasta Munroe, 1958)
Eumaragma Meyrick, 1933
Eumorphobotys Munroe & Mutuura, 1969
Euphyciodes Marion, 1954
Eustenia Snellen, 1899
Exeristis Meyrick, 1886
Fumibotys Munroe, 1976
Furcivena Hampson, 1896
Glaucoda Karsch, 1900
Glyphidomarptis Meyrick, 1936
Gnamptorhiza Warren, 1896
Gynenomis Munroe & Mutuura, 1968
Gyptitia Snellen, 1883
Hahncappsia Munroe, 1976
Helvibotys Munroe, 1976
Heterocnephes Lederer, 1863
Hutuna Whalley, 1962
Hyalea Guenée, 1854
Hyalobathra Meyrick, 1885 (= Leucocraspeda Warren, 1890)
Hyalorista Warren, 1892 (= Pyraustopsis Amsel, 1956)
Hymenia Hübner, 1825 (= Zinckenia Zeller, 1852)
Hyperectis Meyrick, 1904
Hyphercyna Sauber, 1899
Idiusia Warren, 1896
Ischnoscopa Meyrick, 1894
Ismene Savigny, 1816
Isocentris Meyrick, 1887
Lampridia Snellen, 1880
Lamprophaia Caradja, 1925
Lepidoplaga Warren, 1895
Leptosophista Meyrick, 1938
Leucophotis Butler, 1886
Limbobotys Munroe & Mutuura, 1970
Lirabotys J. C. Shaffer & Munroe, 2007
Lotanga Moore, 1886
Loxoneptera Hampson, 1896
Loxostege Hübner, 1825 (= Boreophila Duponchel, 1845, Cosmocreon Warren, 1892, Leimonia Hübner, 1825, Limonia J. L. R. Agassiz, 1847, Margaritia Stephens, 1827, Parasitochroa Hannemann, 1964, Maroa Barnes & McDunnough, 1914, Meridiophila Marion, 1963, Polingia Barnes & McDunnough, 1914)
Lumenia de Joannis, 1929
Mabra Moore, 1885 (= Streptobela Turner, 1937)
Macrospectrodes Warren, 1896
Massepha Walker, 1859
Megatarsodes Marion, 1954
Metaprotus Hampson, 1899
Metasiodes Meyrick, 1894
Mimasarta Ragonot, 1894
Mimetebulea Munroe & Mutuura, 1968
Monocoptopera Hampson, 1899
Monodonta Kenrick, 1907
Munroeodes Amsel, 1957 (= Munroeia Amsel, 1954)
Nacoleiopsis Matsumura, 1925
Nagiella Munroe, 1976 (= Nagia Walker, 1866)
Nankogobinda Rose & Singh-Kirti, 1986
Nascia J. Curtis, 1835
Neadeloides Klima, 1939 (= Adeloides Warren, 1892)
Neasarta Hampson, 1908
Neoepicorsia Munroe, 1964
Neohelvibotys Munroe, 1976
Nephelobotys Munroe & Mutuura, 1970
Nephelolychnis Meyrick, 1933
Nevrina Guenée, 1854 (= Neurina Moore, 1886)
Niphostola Hampson, 1896
Nomis Motschulsky, 1861
Nymphulosis Amsel, 1959
Oenobotys Munroe, 1976
Oligocentris Hampson, 1896
Oronomis Munroe & Mutuura, 1968
Ostrinia Hübner, 1825 (= Eupolemarcha Meyrick, 1937, Micractis Warren, 1892, Zeaphagus Agenjo, 1952)
Pagyda Walker, 1859
Palepicorsia Maes, 1995
Paliga Moore, 1886 (= Eutectona Wang & Sung, 1980)
Palpusia Amsel, 1956
Paracentristis Meyrick, 1934
Paracorsia Marion, 1959
Paranomis Munroe & Mutuura, 1968
Paratalanta Meyrick, 1890 (= Microstega Meyrick, 1890)
Parbattia Moore, 1888
Paschiodes Hampson, 1913
Patissodes Hampson, 1919
Peribona Snellen, 1895 (= Radiorista Warren, 1896)
Perispasta Zeller, 1875
Piletosoma Hampson, 1899
Pimelephila Tams, 1930
Pioneabathra J. C. Shaffer & Munroe, 2007
Placosaris Meyrick, 1897 (= Xanthelectris Meyrick, 1938)
Plantegumia Amsel, 1956
Platytesis Hampson, 1919
Pleonectoides Hampson, 1891
Portentomorpha Amsel, 1956 (= Apoecetes Munroe, 1956)
Powysia Maes, 2006
Preneopogon Warren, 1896
Proconica Hampson, 1899
Prodasycnemis Warren, 1892
Prodelophanes Meyrick, 1937
Protepicorsia Munroe, 1964
Protinopalpa Strand, 1911
Prototyla Meyrick, 1933
Psammotis Hübner, 1825 (= Lemia Duponchel, 1845, Lemiodes Guenée, 1854, Psamotis Hübner, 1825)
Pseudebulea Butler, 1881
Pseudepicorsia Munroe, 1964
Pseudopagyda Slamka, 2013
Pseudopolygrammodes Munroe & Mutuura, 1969
Pseudopyrausta Amsel, 1956
Ptiladarcha Meyrick, 1933
Pyralausta Hampson, 1913
Pyrasia M. O. Martin, 1986
Pyrausta Schrank, 1802 (= Aplographe Warren, 1892, Autocosmia Warren, 1892, Botys Latreille, 1802, Botis Swainson, [1821], Ostreophena Sodoffsky, 1837, Ostreophana Sodoffsky, 1837, Botis J. L. R. Agassiz, 1847, Heliaca Hübner, 1806, Cindaphia Lederer, 1863, Haematia Hübner, 1818, Heliaca Hübner, 1822, Heliaca Hübner, 1818, Heliaca Hübner, 1808, Herbula Guenée, 1854, Hyaloscia Dognin, 1908, Mardinia Amsel, 1952, Panstegia Hübner, 1825, Perilypa Hübner, 1825, Porphyritis Hübner, 1825, Proteroeca Meyrick, 1884, Pyrausta Hübner, 1825, Anthocrypta Warren, 1892, Pyraustes Billberg, 1820, Sciorista Warren, 1890, Rattana Rose & Pajni, 1979, Syllythria Hübner, 1825, Rhodaria Guenée, 1845, Synchromia Guenée, 1854, Tholeria Hübner, 1823, Trigonuncus Amsel, 1952)
Pyraustimorpha Kocak & Seven, 1995
Radessa Munroe, 1977
Ravanoa Moore, 1885
Rhectocraspeda Warren, 1892 (= Pilemia Möschler, 1882, Rapoona Hedemann, 1894, Rapona Schaus, 1940)
Rhynchetria Klunder van Gijen, 1913
Rodaba Moore, 1888
Sarabotys Munroe, 1964
Saucrobotys Munroe, 1976
Sclerocona Meyrick, 1890
Semniomima Warren, 1892
Sericoplaga Warren, 1892
Sinibotys Munroe & Mutuura, 1969
Sisyracera Möschler, 1890 (= Araschnopsis Amsel, 1956)
Sitochroa Hübner, 1825 (= Spilodes Guenée, 1849)
Stenochora Warren, 1892
Tabidia Snellen, 1880
Tangla Swinhoe, 1900
Tasenia Snellen, 1901
Thivolleo Maes, 2006
Thliptoceras Warren in Swinhoe, 1890 (= Mimocomma Warren, 1895, Parudea Swinhoe, 1900, Polychorista Warren, 1896)
Thysanodesma Butler, 1889
Tipuliforma Kenrick, 1907
Tirsa J. F. G. Clarke, 1971
Togabotys Yamanaka, 1978
Toxobotys Munroe & Mutuura, 1968
Trichoceraea Sauber in Semper, 1902
Trigamozeucta Meyrick, 1937
Trithyris Lederer, 1863
Triuncidia Munroe, 1976
Uncobotyodes Kirti & Rose, 1990
Uresiphita Hübner, 1825 (= Mecyna Guenée, 1854, Uresiphoeta J. L. R. Agassiz, 1847)
Vittabotys Munroe & Mutuura, 1970
Xanthomelaena Hampson, 1896 (= Xanthomelaina Swinhoe, 1904)
Xanthostege Munroe, 1976

Alguns Piraloïdeus encara no es col·loquen de forma inequívoca en una tribu particular o fins i tot en família; entre aquests, Tanaobela, per exemple, se sol assignar a les Pyraustinae.

Gèneres antics[modifica]

Aediodina Strand, 1919
Cavifrons Zeller, 1872
Cryptographis Lederer, 1863
Haplochytis Meyrick, 1933
Orocala Walker, 1866
Protinopalpella Strand, 1911

Enllaços externs[modifica]

McLeod, Robin. «Subfamily Pyraustinae» (en anglès). BugGuide.Net, 19-03-2016.