Usuari:Cris.gerst/Parataxis

La parataxi és una tècnica literària, en l'escriptura o la parla, simples frases, amb l'ús de la coordinació en lloc de la conjunció subordinada.

També s'utilitza per descriure una tècnica en la poesia en la qual dues imatges o fragments, és una juxtaposició sense una connexió clara. Els lectors es deixen de prendre les seues pròpies connexions implícites en la sintaxi paratáctica. Ezra Pound,en la seua adaptació de poemes xinesos i japonesos, feta la crua juxtaposició d'imatges una part important de la lírica anglesa.

Origen del terme

Edward Morris escrit en 1901 aquest terme va ser introduït per Friedrich Thiersch en el seu llibre Greek Grammar (1831). El concepte s'ha expandit des d'aquell dia, i una sèrie de definicions han sorgit, moltes voltes surgint un conflicto.

Significat

Parataxi pot sorgir des de tres punts de vista:

• l'aspecte psicològic,
• la lingüista per a expressar el seu significat,
• i el seu resultat de l'oració.

Aquesta observació pot veure's en la denominada ''tren de pensament". Considersant el següent:

• El sol estava brillant. Nosaltres vam salir a caminar.
• El sol estava brillant; vam anar a caminar.
• El sol estava brillant, i vam eixir a caminar.
• El sol estava brillant, asi que vam eixir a caminar.

In the first example, the two sentences are independent expressions, while in the last example they are dependent. However the connection of thought in the first examples is just as real as in the last ones, where it is explicitly expressed via the syntax of subordination.

In spoken language, this continuance from sentence to sentence is supported by intonation and timing (rhythm, pause). While details may differ among different languages and cultures, generally similar musicality and shortness of pauses indicate the continuation, while the change of tone and longer pause generally indicate the transition to another connected group of ideas.

Examples

Literature

Perhaps the best known use of parataxis is Julius Caesar's famous laconic phrase, "Veni, vidi, vici" or, "I came, I saw, I conquered". Another example is Mr. Jingle's speech in Chapter 2 of The Pickwick Papers by Charles Dickens.

'Come along, then,' said he of the green coat, lugging Mr. Pickwick after him by main force, and talking the whole way. 'Here, No. 924, take your fare, and take yourself off—respectable gentleman—know him well—none of your nonsense—this way, sir—where's your friends?—all a mistake, I see—never mind—accidents will happen—best regulated families—never say die—down upon your luck—Pull him UP—Put that in his pipe—like the flavour—damned rascals.' And with a lengthened string of similar broken sentences, delivered with extraordinary volubility, the stranger led the way to the traveller's waiting-room, whither he was closely followed by Mr. Pickwick and his disciples.

Perhaps a more extreme proponent of the form was Samuel Beckett. The opening to his monologue "Not I" is a classic example:

". out. .. into this world. .. this world. .. tiny little thing. .. before its time. .. in a godfor–. .. what?.. girl?.. yes. .. tiny little girl. .. into this. .. out into this. .. before her time. .. godforsaken hole called. .. called. .. no matter. .. parents unknown. .. unheard of. .. he having vanished. .. thin air. .. no sooner buttoned up his breeches. .. she similarly. .. eight months later. .. almost to the tick. .. so no love. .. spared that. .. no love such as normally vented on the. .. speechless infant. .. in the home. .. no. .. nor indeed for that matter any of any kind. .. no love of any kind. .. at any subsequent stage" and so on.

Although the use of ellipses here arguably prevents it from being seen as a classic example of parataxis, as a spoken text it operates in precisely that way. Other examples by Beckett would include large chunks of Lucky's famous speech in Waiting for Godot.

Poetry

Parataxis is occasionally found in spontaneous utterances. An example might be the last words of a female serial killer named Aileen Wuornos who killed seven men in Florida between 1989 and 1990. She was executed on October 9, 2002 and her last words were: “Yes, I would just like to say I’m sailing with the rock, and I’ll be back, like Independence Day, with Jesus. June 6, like the movie. Big mother ship and all, I’ll be back, I’ll be back.”

Cultural theory

The term parataxis has also been appropriated by some cultural theorists to describe certain works of art or "cultural texts" in which a series of scenes or elements are presented side by side in no particular order or hierarchy. Examples might range from the collages of the dadaists and Robert Rauschenberg to many contemporary music videos.

Notes

Category:Gramàtica