Ajuda:AFI per al català

Les taules següents mostren la manera per la qual l'Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI) representa les pronunciacions de la llengua catalana en els articles de la Viquipèdia. Hi ha dos blocs principals: el català oriental (que en la taula representarem per C) i el català occidental (que en la taula representarem per ) V. No hi ha preferències d'una variant sobre l'altra a la Viquipèdia, excepte en els casos en què una pronunciació local és clarament més rellevant (com un lloc al País Valencià o un artista del Principat).

Consulteu la fonologia catalana per a una mirada més a fons dels sons en català.

Guia per al català i valencià estàndard[modifica]

AFI		Consonants
C	V	Exemples
b	b	bell, àmbit, capgròs ^[1]
b	(v)	vell, watts ^[1]^[2]
β	(v)	avanç, selva ^[3]
β	b	abans, arbre ^[3]
d		drac, indret, ritme ^[1]
ð		cada, lladre ^[3]
f		força, bafs, salv
ɡ		guant, angle, guiar, ècdisi ^[1]
ɣ		aigües, agrat, lloguer ^[3]
k		cors, quan, qui, llarg, Folch, kiwi
l		laca, tela, cel·la,^[4] val ^[5]
ʎ		llacs, cella,^[4] vall
m		meu, em, canvi ^[5]
n		neu, on, dansa ^[5]
ɲ		nyeu, any, penges ^[5]
ŋ		sang, tinc, cigne ^[5]
p		por, dubte
r		ruc, mirra, honra ^[6]
ɾ		truc, mira, hora, per ^[6]
s		set, rossa, està, ascens, cel, feliç
ts		potser, tots, fluids, hertz
ʃ	ʃ	Xixona, guix, ells, sushi ^[7]
	jʃ	caixa, peix
	tʃ	xec, clenxa, Barx
tʃ	tʃ	txec, empatx, raig, mig ^[7]
t		terra, fred
v		hafni, bafs d'aigua ^[1]
z	z	zel, onze, rosa, esma, feliçment ^[1]
dz	z	utilitza
dz	dz	tretze, tots alhora ^[1]
ʒ	ʒ	guix blau ^[1]^[7]
	jʒ	caixmir, peix de roca ^[1]^[7]
	j	jo, ja ^[1]^[7]
	dʒ	joc, aljub, gespa, sorgir ^[7]
dʒ	dʒ	mitjà, viatge, adjunt, migdia ^[1]^[7]
AFI		Consonants prestades
θ		theta, Pozo ^[8]
h		ehem ^[9]
x		kharja, Jaén, Bach ^[10]

AFI		Vocals tòniques^[11]
C	V	Exemples
a		sac, ànecs
ɛ	ɛ	set, pèls, essències
ɛ	e	sec, cafè / café, què
e	e	séc, anells
i		sic, ties, país, raïm
ɔ		soc, mòlt, això
o		sóc, molt
u		suc, dues, ús, reüll

AFI		Vocals àtones
C	V	Exemples
ə	a	dona, amb, entens
	e	dones, ens, que
	i	naixement
i	i	fillet, llavis, hi posa, aïllar
u	o	oratge, baixos, posar-ho
u	u	fullet, ritu, cobert, ho posa
AFI		Altres vocals àtones
a		ad hoc, allegro (also /a/ in V)
e		ídem, oceans (also /e/ in V)
o		ego, mourà, caos (also /o/ in V)

AFI		Semivocals^[12]
C	V	Exemples
j		iogurt, llei, hi ha, posa-hi, York, Laia
w		quatre, Güell, lleu, posa-ho, web

AFI		Suprasegmentals
C	V	Exemples
ˈ		Dídac [ˈdiðək] (C) / [ˈdiðak] (V)
ˌ		Bellpuig [ˌbeʎˈputʃ] (C / V)
.		Maria [məˈɾi.ə] (C) / [maˈɾi.a] (V)
ː		Imma [ˈimːə] (C) / [ˈimːa] (V)
AFI		Altres representacions
( )		Corts [ˈkoɾ(t)s] (C / V)

Notes[modifica]

Aquesta pàgina o secció necessita traducció.
Si la pàgina roman sense traduir durant molt de temps, podria proposar-se per esborrar. Aviseu els editors mitjançant {{subst:Avís traducció incompleta|Ajuda:AFI per al català}} --~~~~

↑ ^1,00 ^1,01 ^1,02 ^1,03 ^1,04 ^1,05 ^1,06 ^1,07 ^1,08 ^1,09 ^1,10 Obstruents assimilate to the place of articulation of the following consonant. In syllables produced in utterance-final position (i.e. the coda), voiced obstruents become devoiced.
↑ While betacism (that is, the merging of /b/ and /v/ into one phoneme) is common in most speakers of in Catalan and Valencia, several dialects still contrast the two sounds (represented as ⟨b⟩ and ⟨v⟩ respectively in Catalan orthography). The contrast is also maintained in Valencià estàndard and among cultivated Catalan speakers.
↑ ^3,0 ^3,1 ^3,2 ^3,3 Voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ become lenited [β, ð, ɣ] (that is, approximants or fricatives of the same place of articulation) when in the syllable onset and after a continuant. Otherwise they are pronounced as voiced or devoiced stops, similar to English b, d, g and p, t, k. Exceptions include /d/ after a lateral consonant, and /b/ after /f/. In traditional non-betacist dialects, /b/ fails to lenite.
↑ ^4,0 ^4,1 Catalan orthography distinguishes between ⟨ll⟩ (representing /ʎ/) and ⟨l·l⟩ (representing a geminated /lː/). In regular speech gemination of ⟨l·l⟩ is ignored altogether. Some dialects as well as young speakers can merge /ʎ/ with the glide [j] in a process similar to Spanish yeísmo.
↑ ^5,0 ^5,1 ^5,2 ^5,3 ^5,4 /n/ and /l/ assimilate the place of articulation of a following consonant.
↑ ^6,0 ^6,1 The rhotic consonants ⟨r⟩ /ɾ/ and ⟨rr⟩ /r/ only contrast between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution as ⟨r⟩ with [r] occurring word-initially, after /l/, /n/, and /s/, and in compounds; and [ɾ] after hard plosives, the soft spirants [β, ð, ɣ], and /f/. Syllable-final /ɾ/ varies according to dialect, emphasis, morpheme and the following sound. In all Catalan dialects, except most of Valencian, /ɾ/ is lost in coda position in suffixes of nouns and adjectives denoting the masculine singular and in the infinitive suffixes of verbs, except when the following morpheme begins with a vowel (although this may vary).
↑ ^7,0 ^7,1 ^7,2 ^7,3 ^7,4 ^7,5 ^7,6 While /ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ/ are often described simply as "postalveolar" by many sources, phonetic work done by Daniel Recasens shows the postalveolar sibilants to be alveolo-palatal ([ɕ], [ʑ], [tɕ] and [dʑ], respectively). Nevertheless, since ⟨ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ⟩ are overwhelmingly used in the linguistic literature on Catalan and Valencian, those characters are also used on Wikipedia.
↑ Tradicionalment, la /θ/ del castellà es pronunciava /s/. Ara s'imita el so original.
↑ Fora de interjeccions i paraules forasteres, com "la Haia" la lletra h sempre és muda.
↑ Aquest so, inexistent en català, se solia pronunciar /k/ i encara més quan era final, com "Bach", que hom assimilava a la antiga terminació ch, tradicional del català que es pronunciava /k/. Ara, més aviat s'intenta reproduir el sons originals.
↑
Català estàndard and Valencià estàndard have seven stressed vowels /a, ɛ, e, i, ɔ, o, u/ (Balearic dialects can contrast up to eight stressed vowels—those are /a, ɛ, e, i, ɔ, o, u/, plus /ə/). In unstressed position, the seven-way vowel contrast is reduced in all dialects.
- Eastern Catalan (Alguerese, Balearic, Central and Northern): /e/, /ɛ/, and /a/ reduce to [ə] (though in Alguerese /e/, /ɛ/, and /a/ merge to [a]) while /o/ and /ɔ/ reduce to [u] (however, in most of Majorcan /ɔ/ and /o/ merge to [o]).
- Western Catalan (North-Western, Tortosan and Valencian): /ɛ/ reduces to [e] and /ɔ/ reduces to [o]. Exceptionally there are some cases where unstressed ⟨e⟩ and ⟨o⟩ may reduce to [a] and [u] respectively.
↑ The semivowels [j] and [w] can be combined with most vowels to form diphthongs and triphthongs.

Referències[modifica]

Català

«Gramàtica de la llengua catalana (secció de fonètica i fonologia)» (en catalan). Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC).
«Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional» (en catalan). Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC).
«Transcripcions fonètiques als mitjans audiovisuals de Catalunya» (en catalan). Barcelona: Corporació Catalana de Mitjans Audiovisuals (CCMA).

Valencià

«L'estàndard oral valencià» (en valencian). Valencia: Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL).

Diccionari[modifica]

«Diccionari català-valencià-balear (DCVB)». Ed. Moll / Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC).

[neutralization_of_obstruents-1] 1,00 ^1,01 ^1,02 ^1,03 ^1,04 ^1,05 ^1,06 ^1,07 ^1,08 ^1,09 ^1,10 Obstruents assimilate to the place of articulation of the following consonant. In syllables produced in utterance-final position (i.e. the coda), voiced obstruents become devoiced.

[b/v-2] While betacism (that is, the merging of /b/ and /v/ into one phoneme) is common in most speakers of in Catalan and Valencia, several dialects still contrast the two sounds (represented as ⟨b⟩ and ⟨v⟩ respectively in Catalan orthography). The contrast is also maintained in Valencià estàndard and among cultivated Catalan speakers.

[lenition-3] 3,0 ^3,1 ^3,2 ^3,3 Voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ become lenited [β, ð, ɣ] (that is, approximants or fricatives of the same place of articulation) when in the syllable onset and after a continuant. Otherwise they are pronounced as voiced or devoiced stops, similar to English b, d, g and p, t, k. Exceptions include /d/ after a lateral consonant, and /b/ after /f/. In traditional non-betacist dialects, /b/ fails to lenite.

[ll/l·l-4] 4,0 ^4,1 Catalan orthography distinguishes between ⟨ll⟩ (representing /ʎ/) and ⟨l·l⟩ (representing a geminated /lː/). In regular speech gemination of ⟨l·l⟩ is ignored altogether. Some dialects as well as young speakers can merge /ʎ/ with the glide [j] in a process similar to Spanish yeísmo.

[lateral/nasal-5] 5,0 ^5,1 ^5,2 ^5,3 ^5,4 /n/ and /l/ assimilate the place of articulation of a following consonant.

[rhotic-6] 6,0 ^6,1 The rhotic consonants ⟨r⟩ /ɾ/ and ⟨rr⟩ /r/ only contrast between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution as ⟨r⟩ with [r] occurring word-initially, after /l/, /n/, and /s/, and in compounds; and [ɾ] after hard plosives, the soft spirants [β, ð, ɣ], and /f/. Syllable-final /ɾ/ varies according to dialect, emphasis, morpheme and the following sound. In all Catalan dialects, except most of Valencian, /ɾ/ is lost in coda position in suffixes of nouns and adjectives denoting the masculine singular and in the infinitive suffixes of verbs, except when the following morpheme begins with a vowel (although this may vary).

[alveolo-palatal-7] 7,0 ^7,1 ^7,2 ^7,3 ^7,4 ^7,5 ^7,6 While /ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ/ are often described simply as "postalveolar" by many sources, phonetic work done by Daniel Recasens shows the postalveolar sibilants to be alveolo-palatal ([ɕ], [ʑ], [tɕ] and [dʑ], respectively). Nevertheless, since ⟨ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ⟩ are overwhelmingly used in the linguistic literature on Catalan and Valencian, those characters are also used on Wikipedia.

[θ-8] Tradicionalment, la /θ/ del castellà es pronunciava /s/. Ara s'imita el so original.

[h-9] Fora de interjeccions i paraules forasteres, com "la Haia" la lletra h sempre és muda.

[x-10] Aquest so, inexistent en català, se solia pronunciar /k/ i encara més quan era final, com "Bach", que hom assimilava a la antiga terminació ch, tradicional del català que es pronunciava /k/. Ara, més aviat s'intenta reproduir el sons originals.

[vowels-11] Català estàndard and Valencià estàndard have seven stressed vowels /a, ɛ, e, i, ɔ, o, u/ (Balearic dialects can contrast up to eight stressed vowels—those are /a, ɛ, e, i, ɔ, o, u/, plus /ə/). In unstressed position, the seven-way vowel contrast is reduced in all dialects.
Eastern Catalan (Alguerese, Balearic, Central and Northern): /e/, /ɛ/, and /a/ reduce to [ə] (though in Alguerese /e/, /ɛ/, and /a/ merge to [a]) while /o/ and /ɔ/ reduce to [u] (however, in most of Majorcan /ɔ/ and /o/ merge to [o]).

Western Catalan (North-Western, Tortosan and Valencian): /ɛ/ reduces to [e] and /ɔ/ reduces to [o]. Exceptionally there are some cases where unstressed ⟨e⟩ and ⟨o⟩ may reduce to [a] and [u] respectively.

[12] Eastern Catalan (Alguerese, Balearic, Central and Northern): /e/, /ɛ/, and /a/ reduce to [ə] (though in Alguerese /e/, /ɛ/, and /a/ merge to [a]) while /o/ and /ɔ/ reduce to [u] (however, in most of Majorcan /ɔ/ and /o/ merge to [o]).

[13] Western Catalan (North-Western, Tortosan and Valencian): /ɛ/ reduces to [e] and /ɔ/ reduces to [o]. Exceptionally there are some cases where unstressed ⟨e⟩ and ⟨o⟩ may reduce to [a] and [u] respectively.

[semivowel-12] The semivowels [j] and [w] can be combined with most vowels to form diphthongs and triphthongs.

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