Vaccí contra la COVID-19: diferència entre les revisions

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[[Fitxer:3D medical animation coronavirus structure (ca).jpg|500px|miniatura|Estructura vírica en tres dimensions del virus [[SARS-CoV-2]], causant de la [[COVID-19]].]]
El '''vaccí contra la COVID-19''' o '''vacuna contra la COVID-19'''<ref>{{Ref-web|títol=A l'entorn del coronavirus|url=https://www.termcat.cat/es/node/3288|consulta=2020-03-23|llengua=català|editor=Termcat|data=2020-02-12}}</ref> és un [[vaccí]] que està en fase de realització contra el [[SARS-CoV-2]], virus que provoca la [[COVID-19]], pandèmia que va contagiar tots els països entre el 2019 i el 2020. Tot i que cap vaccí no ha completat els [[assajos clínics]], existeixen diversos projectes en curs. A finals de febrer de 2020, l'[[Organització Mundial de la Salut]] (OMS) va dir que no esperava que estigués disponible en menys de 18 mesos.<ref>{{ref-web|url=https://www.sciencealert.com/who-says-a-coronavirus-vaccine-is-18-months-away|títol=Here's Why It's Taking So Long to Develop a Vaccine for the New Coronavirus|cognom1=Grenfell|nom1=Rob|cognom2=Drew|nom2=Trevor|data= 17 febrer 2020|website=ScienceAlert|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228010631/https://www.sciencealert.com/who-says-a-coronavirus-vaccine-is-18-months-away|archive-date= 28 febrer 2020|access-date= 26 febrer 2020}}</ref> A principis de març del 2020, hi havia una trentena de candidats a l'elaboració d'un remei.
El '''vaccí contra la COVID-19''' o '''vacuna contra la COVID-19'''<ref>{{Ref-web|títol=A l'entorn del coronavirus|url=https://www.termcat.cat/es/node/3288|consulta=2020-03-23|llengua=català|editor=Termcat|data=2020-02-12}}</ref> és un [[vaccí]] que està en fase de realització contra el [[SARS-CoV-2]], virus que provoca la [[COVID-19]], pandèmia que va contagiar tots els països entre el 2019 i el 2020. Tot i que cap vaccí no ha completat els [[assajos clínics]], existeixen diversos projectes en curs. A finals de febrer de 2020, l'[[Organització Mundial de la Salut]] (OMS) va dir que no esperava que estigués disponible en menys de 18 mesos.<ref>{{ref-web|url=https://www.sciencealert.com/who-says-a-coronavirus-vaccine-is-18-months-away|títol=Here's Why It's Taking So Long to Develop a Vaccine for the New Coronavirus|cognom1=Grenfell|nom1=Rob|cognom2=Drew|nom2=Trevor|data= 17 febrer 2020|website=ScienceAlert|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228010631/https://www.sciencealert.com/who-says-a-coronavirus-vaccine-is-18-months-away|archive-date= 28 febrer 2020|access-date= 26 febrer 2020}}</ref> A principis de març del 2020, hi havia una trentena de candidats a l'elaboració d'un remei.


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===Assajos clínics===
===Assajos clínics===


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+COVID‑19: vacunes candidates als assaigs de les fases I-III<ref name="london">{{cite web|url=https://vac-lshtm.shinyapps.io/ncov_vaccine_landscape/|title=COVID-19 vaccine development pipeline (Refresh URL to update)|publisher=Vaccine Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine|date=2020-07-15|access-date=2020-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518150647/https://vac-lshtm.shinyapps.io/ncov_vaccine_landscape/|archive-date=18 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="milken">{{cite web|title=COVID-19 vaccine tracker (Choose vaccines tab, apply filters to view select data)|url=https://airtable.com/shrSAi6t5WFwqo3GM/tblEzPQS5fnc0FHYR/viwDBH7b6FjmIBX5x?blocks=hide|publisher=Milken Institute|access-date=2020-07-20|date=2020-06-23|lay-url=https://milkeninstitute.org/covid-19-tracker|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603160523/https://airtable.com/shrSAi6t5WFwqo3GM/tblEzPQS5fnc0FHYR/viwDBH7b6FjmIBX5x?blocks=hide|archive-date=23 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="who-tracker">{{Cite web|title=Draft landscape of COVID 19 candidate vaccines|url=https://www.who.int/who-documents-detail/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines|publisher=World Health Organization|date=2020-07-21|access-date=2020-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514154944/https://www.who.int/who-documents-detail/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines|archive-date=14 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|-
!Vacunes candidates<br />Desenvolupadors, patrocinadors
! colspan="6" style="background-color: #CCEEEE;" | COVID-19: vacunes candidats als assaigs de la Fase I-II
!Tecnologia
!Fase actual
(participants)<br />Disseny
!Fase finalitzada{{efn-la|Latest Phase with published results.}} (participants)<br />Resposta immunitària, efectes adversos
!Localització
!Durada{{efn-la|The range from the actual start date of Phase I to the estimated primary completion date of Phase III, when available.}}
|-
|-
|'''mRNA-1273'''<wbr /><ref name="NCT04470427">{{cite web |title=A Study to Evaluate Efficacy, Safety, and Immunogenicity of mRNA-1273 Vaccine in Adults Aged 18 Years and Older to Prevent COVID-19 |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04470427 |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |type=Registry |id=NCT04470427 |date=14 July 2020 |access-date=27 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="palca">{{cite news |last1=Palca |first1=Joe |title=COVID-19 vaccine candidate heads to widespread testing in U.S. |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/07/27/895672859/us-vaccine-candidate-heads-to-widespread-testing-in-people |accessdate=27 July 2020 |work=NPR |date=27 July 2020 | name-list-format = vanc }}</ref><br />[[Moderna]], [[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases|NIAID]], [[Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority|BARDA]]
! Candidat
|[[Lipid]] [[nanoparticle]] dispersion contenint [[Messenger RNA|mRNA]]
(desenvolupador / patrocinador)
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=3|participants=30000|description=Interventional; randomized, placebo-controlled study for efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity}}
! Tecnologia
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=1|participants=45|description=Dose-dependent neutralizing antibody response on two-dose schedule; undetermined durability. '''Adverse effects''': fever, fatigue, headache, muscle ache, and pain at the injection site<ref name="jackson">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jackson LA, Anderson EJ, Rouphael NG, Roberts PC, Makhene M, Coler RN, McCullough MP, Chappell JD, Denison MR, Stevens LJ, Pruijssers AJ, McDermott A, Flach B, Doria-Rose NA, Corbett KS, Morabito KM, O'Dell S, Schmidt SD, Swanson PA, Padilla M, Mascola JR, Neuzil KM, Bennett H, Sun W, Peters E, Makowski M, Albert J, Cross K, Buchanan W, Pikaart-Tautges R, Ledgerwood JE, Graham BS, Beigel JH |collaboration=mRNA-1273 Study Group |display-authors=6 |title=An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 – Preliminary Report |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=July 2020 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2022483 |doi-access=free |pmid=32663912 |pmc=7377258 |lay-url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/14/moderna-covid19-vaccine-first-data-show-spurs-immune-response/ }}</ref><ref name="jackson-app">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jackson LA, Anderson EJ, Rouphael NG, Roberts PC, Makhene M, Coler RN, McCullough MP, Chappell JD, Denison MR, Stevens LJ, Pruijssers AJ, McDermott A, Flach B, Doria-Rose NA, Corbett KS, Morabito KM, O'Dell S, Schmidt SD, Swanson PA, Padilla M, Mascola JR, Neuzil KM, Bennett H, Sun W, Peters E, Makowski M, Albert J, Cross K, Buchanan W, Pikaart-Tautges R, Ledgerwood JE, Graham BS, Beigel JH |collaboration=mRNA-1273 Study Group |display-authors=6 |title=An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 – Preliminary Report Supplementary appendix |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=July 2020 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2022483 |doi-access=free |url=https://www.nejm.org/doi/suppl/10.1056/NEJMoa2022483/suppl_file/nejmoa2022483_appendix.pdf |pmid=32663912 }}</ref>}}
! Fase de prova
|89 en els EUA
(participants)
| data-sort-value="2022-10" |Jul 2020{{snd}}Oct 2022
! Ubicació
! Durada
! Referències
i notes
|-
|-
|''Unnamed''<wbr /><ref name="ChiCTR2000031809">{{cite web |url=http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=52227 |title=A randomized, double-blind, placebo parallel-controlled phase I/II clinical trial for inactivated Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia vaccine (Vero cells) |website=Chinese Clinical Trial Register |type=Registry |id=ChiCTR2000031809 |date=11 April 2020 |access-date=25 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510144252/http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=52227 |archive-date=10 May 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ChiCTR2000034780">{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Wei |last2=Al Kaabi |first2=Nawal |title=A Phase III clinical trial for inactivated novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) vaccine (Vero cells) |journal=Chinese Clinical Trial Registry |date=18 July 2020 |url=http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=56651 |accessdate=15 August 2020}}</ref><br />[[China National Pharmaceutical Group|Sinopharm]]: Beijing Institute of Biological Products, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products
| '' 'Ad5-nCoV' ''
|[[Inactivated vaccine|Inactivated]] [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|SARS-CoV-2]] ([[vero cell]]s)
(CanSino Biologics)
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=3|participants=15000|description=Randomized, double-blind, parallel placebo-controlled, to evaluate safety and protective efficacy in [[UAE]] (15,000)}}
| vector recombinant adenovirus tipus 5
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=1|endphase=2|participants=320|description= Neutralizing antibodies at day 14 after 2 injections; '''Adverse effects''': injection site pain and fever, which were mild and self-limiting; no serious effects<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Xia S, Duan K, Zhang Y, Zhao D, et al. |title=Effect of an Inactivated Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2 on Safety and Immunogenicity Outcomes: Interim Analysis of 2 Randomized Clinical Trials |journal=JAMA |date=13 August 2020 |doi=10.1001/jama.2020.15543|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2769612}}</ref>}}
| Prova d'intervenció en fase II de dosificació i efectes secundaris (500)
|[[Jiaozuo]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| Wuhan, Xina
| data-sort-value="2021-11" |Jul 2020{{snd}}Jul 2021 a Abu Dhabi
| Març de 2020 a desembre de 2020
| <ref name="liu">{{ref-web|data= 10 abril 2020|autor=Angus Liu|url=https://www.fiercepharma.com/vaccines/china-s-cansino-bio-advances-covid-19-vaccine-into-phase-2-preliminary-safety-data|títol=China's CanSino Bio advances COVID-19 vaccine into phase 2 on preliminary safety data|website=FiercePharma|llengua=en|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref><ref name = "Phase II Ad5-nCov"> {{ClinicalTrialsGov | NCT04341389 | Un assaig clínic de fase II per avaluar la vacuna de coronavirus de la novel·la recombinant (Adenovirus Vector)}}</ref>
|-
|-
|'''CoronaVac'''<ref name="NCT04383574">{{cite web |title=Safety and Immunogenicity Study of Inactivated Vaccine for Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19) (Renqiu) |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04383574 |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |type=Registry |id=NCT04383574 |date=12 May 2020 |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref><ref <ref name="NCname=" nct04456595"="">{{cite web |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04456595 |title=Clinical Trial of Efficacy and Safety of Sinovac's Adsorbed COVID-19 (Inactivated) Vaccine in Healthcare Professionals (PROFISCOV) |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |type=Registry |id=NCT04456595 |date=2 July 2020 |access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=PT. Bio Farma |title=A Phase III, observer-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of SARS-COV-2 inactivated vaccine in healthy adults aged 18-59 years in Indonesia |journal=Registri Penyakit Indonesia |date=10 August 2020 |url=https://www.ina-registry.org/index.php?act=registry_trial_detail&code_trial=16202009080721WXFM0YX |accessdate=15 August 2020}}</ref><br />[[Sinovac Biotech|Sinovac]], [[Instituto Butantan]]
| '' 'Ad5-nCoV' ''
|[[Inactivated vaccine|Inactivated]] [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|SARS-CoV-2]]
(CanSino Biologics)
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=3|participants=10490|description=double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled to evaluate efficacy and safety in [[Brazil]] (8,870); [[Indonesia]] (1,620)}}
| vector recombinant adenovirus tipus 5
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=2|participants=600|description=[[Preprint]]. Immunogenicity eliciting 92% seroconversion at lower dose; '''Adverse effects''': mild in severity, pain at injection site<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Zhang Y-J, Zeng G, Pan H-X, Li C-G, others| title=Immunogenicity and Safety of a SARS-CoV-2 Inactivated Vaccine in Healthy Adults Aged 18-59 years: Report of the Randomized, Double-blind, and Placebo-controlled Phase 2 Clinical Trial|journal=medRxiv |date=10 August 2020 |doi=10.1101/2020.07.31.20161216}}</ref>}}
| Fase I (108)
|2 a Xina, 12 a Brasil, Indonèsia
| Wuhan, Xina
| data-sort-value="2020-07" |{{unbulleted list|item_style=margin-top:.3em|item1_style=margin-top:0|Abr{{ndash}}Dec 2020 a Xuzhou|Mai{{ndash}}Jul 2020 a Renqiu|Jul 2020{{snd}}Oct 2021 a Brasil}}
| Març de 2020 a desembre de 2020
| <ref name = thanh /> <ref name = "CTgov Ad5-nCoV"> {{ClinicalTrialsGov | NCT04313127 | Un assaig clínic de fase I en 18-60 adults}} </ref> <small> continuant fins al 2020 durant l'inici de la fase II.<ref name = liu />
|-
|-
|'''AZD1222'''<wbr/>{{efn-la|Oxford name: ''ChAdOx1{{nbsp}}nCoV-19''. Manufacturing in Brazil to be carried out by [[Oswaldo Cruz Foundation]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Nick |last2=Shelley |first2=Jo |last3=Duwe |first3=Eduardo |last4=Bonnett |first4=William |date=27 July 2020 |title=The world's hopes for a coronavirus vaccine may run in these health care workers' veins |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/27/americas/brazil-covid-19-sinovac-vaccine-intl/index.html |work=[[CNN]] |location=[[São Paulo]] |access-date=3 August 2020 | name-list-format = vanc }}</ref>}}<ref name="NCT04400838">{{cite web |title=Investigating a Vaccine Against COVID-19 |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04400838 |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |type=Registry |id=NCT04400838 |date=26 May 2020 |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="EudraCT-2020-001228-32">{{cite web |url=https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2020-001228-32/GB |title=A Phase 2/3 study to determine the efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of the candidate Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) vaccine ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 |website=EU Clinical Trials Register |publisher=European Union |type=Registry |id=[[EudraCT]] 2020-001228-32 |date=21 April 2020 |access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="ISRCTN89951424">{{cite journal |url=http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN89951424 |title=A Phase III study to investigate a vaccine against COVID-19 |website=ISRCTN |type=Registry |id=ISRCTN89951424 |doi=10.1186/ISRCTN89951424 |date=26 May 2020 |access-date=3 August 2020|last1=O'Reilly |first1=Peter | name-list-format = vanc }}</ref><br />[[Universitat d'Oxford]], [[AstraZeneca]]
| '' 'ChAdOx1 nCoV-19' ''
|Modified [[chimpanzee|chimp]] [[Adenoviridae|adenovirus]] [[Viral vector|vector]] (ChAdOx1)
([[Universitat d'Oxford]])
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=2|endphase=3|participants=10260|description=Interventional; [[randomized controlled trial|randomized, placebo-controlled study]] for efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity}}
| vector d’adenovirus
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=1|endphase=2|participants=543|description=Spike-specific antibodies at day 28; [[neutralizing antibody|neutralizing antibodies]] after a [[booster dose]] at day 56. '''Adverse effects''': pain at the injection site, headache, fever, chills, [[myalgia|muscle ache]], [[malaise]] in more than 60% of participants; [[paracetamol]] allowed for some participants to increase tolerability<ref name="folegatti">{{cite journal |last1=Folegatti |first1=Pedro M |last2=Ewer |first2=Katie J |last3=Aley |first3=Parvinder K |last4=Angus |first4=Brian |last5=Becker |first5=Stephan |last6=Belij-Rammerstorfer |first6=Sandra |last7=Bellamy |first7=Duncan |last8=Bibi |first8=Sagida |last9=Bittaye |first9=Mustapha |last10=Clutterbuck |first10=Elizabeth A |last11=Dold |first11=Christina |last12=Faust |first12=Saul N |last13=Finn |first13=Adam |last14=Flaxman |first14=Amy L |last15=Hallis |first15=Bassam |last16=Heath |first16=Paul |last17=Jenkin |first17=Daniel |last18=Lazarus |first18=Rajeka |last19=Makinson |first19=Rebecca |last20=Minassian |first20=Angela M |last21=Pollock |first21=Katrina M |last22=Ramasamy |first22=Maheshi |last23=Robinson |first23=Hannah |last24=Snape |first24=Matthew |last25=Tarrant |first25=Richard |last26=Voysey |first26=Merryn |last27=Green |first27=Catherine |last28=Douglas |first28=Alexander D |last29=Hill |first29=Adrian V S |last30=Lambe |first30=Teresa |last31=Gilbert |first31=Sarah C |last32=Pollard |first32=Andrew J | display-authors=6 | author-link2=Katie Ewer |title=Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial |journal=Lancet |date=July 2020 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31604-4 |pmid=32702298 | doi-access=free |url=https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2820%2931604-4 | format=PDF | lay-url=https://blogs.sciencemag.org/pipeline/archives/2020/07/20/new-data-on-the-oxford-az-vaccine | name-list-format = vanc }}</ref>}}
| Fase I-II, llocs múltiples, aleatoritzats i controlats amb placebo (510)
|20 a RU, [[São Paulo]]
| Anglaterra
| Abril 2020 a maig 2021
|data-sort-value=2021-08|Mai 2020{{snd}}Ago 2021
| <ref name="tsn-oxford">{{ref-web|data= 31 març 2020|url=https://www.trialsitenews.com/university-of-oxford-commences-clinical-trial-for-vaccine-candidate-chadox1-ncov-19-targeting-covid-19-2/|títol=University of Oxford commences clinical trial for vaccine candidate (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) Targeting COVID-19|website=Trial Site News|llengua=en-US|access-date= 13 abril 2020}}</ref> <ref name = "04324606-oxford"> {{ClinicalTrialsGov | NCT04324606 | Un estudi d'una vacuna de candidat COVID-19 (COV001)}} </ref>
|-
|-
|'''BNT162 a1, b1, b2, c2'''<wbr/>{{efn-la|Four vaccines}}<ref name="NCT04368728">{{cite web |title=Study to Describe the Safety, Tolerability, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy of RNA Vaccine Candidates Against COVID-19 in Healthy Adults |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04368728 |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |type=Registry |id=NCT04368728 |date=30 April 2020 |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="EudraCT-2020-001038-36">{{cite web |title=A Multi-site Phase I/II, 2-Part, Dose-Escalation Trial Investigating the Safety and Immunogenicity of four Prophylactic SARS-CoV-2 RNA Vaccines Against COVID-19 Using Different Dosing Regimens in Healthy Adults |url=https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2020-001038-36/DE |website=EU Clinical Trials Register |publisher=European Union |type=Registry |id=[[EudraCT]] 2020-001038-36 |date=14 April 2020 |access-date=22 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422111024/https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2020-001038-36/DE |archive-date=22 April 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />[[BioNTech]], [[Fosun Pharma]], [[Pfizer]]
| '' 'mRNA-1273' ''
|[[RNA vaccine|mRNA]]
([[Moderna]], Estats Units - Institut Nacional d'Al·lèrgies i Malalties Infeccioses)
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=2|endphase=3|participants=30000|description=Randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-finding, vaccine candidate-selection|references=<ref>{{cite news |last=Lovelace Jr. |first=Berkeley |date=27 July 2020 |title=Pfizer and BioNTech began late-stage human trial for coronavirus vaccine Monday |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/27/pfizer-and-biontech-began-late-stage-human-trial-for-coronavirus-vaccine-monday.html |work=[[CNBC]] |access-date=3 August 2020 | name-list-format = vanc }}</ref>}}
| [[lípid]] [[nanopartícula]] dispersió que conté ARN missatger
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=1|endphase=2|participants=60|description=[[Preprint]]. Strong RBD-binding [[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]] and [[neutralizing antibody]] response peaked 7 days after a [[booster dose]], robust CD4+ and CD8+ [[T cell]] responses, undetermined durability. '''Adverse effects''': dose-dependent and moderate including pain at the injection site, fatigue, headache, chills, muscle and join pain, fever<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mulligan |first1=Mark |last2=Lyke |first2=Kirsten |last3=Kitchin |first3=Nicholas |last4=Absalon |first4=Judith |last5=Gurtman |first5=Alejandra |last6=Lockhart |first6=Stephen |last7=Neuzil |first7=Kathleen |last8=Raabe |first8=Vanessa |last9=Bailey |first9=Ruth |last10=Swanson |first10=Kena |last11=Li |first11=Ping |last12=Koury |first12=Kenneth |last13=Kalina |first13=Warren |last14=Cooper |first14=David |last15=Fonter-Garfias |first15=Camila |last16=Shi |first16=Pei-Yong |last17=Tuereci |first17=Ozlem |last18=Tompkins |first18=Kristin |last19=Walsh |first19=Edward |last20=Frenck |first20=Robert |last21=Falsey |first21=Ann |last22=Dormitzer |first22=Philip |last23=Gruber |first23=William |last24=Sahin |first24=Ugur |last25=Jansen |first25=Kathrin |s2cid=220266992 |display-authors=6 |date=1 July 2020 |title=Phase 1/2 Study to Describe the Safety and Immunogenicity of a COVID-19 RNA Vaccine Candidate (BNT162b1) in Adults 18 to 55 Years of Age: Interim Report |url=https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.20142570v1.full.pdf |journal=MedRxiv |type=[[Preprint]] |doi=10.1101/2020.06.30.20142570 |access-date=3 August 2020 | name-list-format = vanc }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Sahin | first1=Ugur | last2=Muik | first2=Alexander | last3=Derhovanessian | first3=Evelyna | last4=Vogler | first4=Isabel | last5=Kranz | first5=Lena M | last6=Vormehr | first6=Mathias | last7=Baum | first7=Alina | last8=Pascal | first8=Kristen | last9=Quandt | first9=Jasmin | last10=Maurus | first10=Daniel | last11=Brachtendorf | first11=Sebastian | last12=Loerks | first12=Verena L | last13=Sikorski | first13=Julian | last14=Hilker | first14=Rolf | last15=Becker | first15=Dirk | last16=Eller | first16=Ann-Kathrin | last17=Gruetzner | first17=Jan | last18=Boesler | first18=Carsten | last19=Rosenbaum | first19=Corinna | last20=Kuehnle | first20=Marie-Cristine | last21=Luxemburger | first21=Ulrich | last22=Kemmer-Brueck | first22=Alexandra | last23=Langer | first23=David | last24=Bexon | first24=Martin | last25=Bolte | first25=Stefanie | last26=Kariko | first26=Katalin | last27=Palanche | first27=Tania | last28=Fischer | first28=Boris | last29=Schultz | first29=Armin | last30=Shi | first30=Pei-Yong | last31=Fontes-Garfias | first31=Camila | last32=Perez | first32=John L | last33=Swanson | first33=Kena A | last34=Loschko | first34=Jakob | last35=Scully | first35=Ingrid L | last36=Cutler | first36=Mark | last37=Kalina | first37=Warren | last38=Kyratsous | first38=Christos A | last39=Cooper | first39=David | last40=Dormitzer | first40=Philip R | last41=Jansen | first41=Kathrin U | last42=Tuereci | first42=Oezlem | display-authors=6 | title=Concurrent human antibody and TH1 type T-cell responses elicited by a COVID-19 RNA vaccine | journal = MedRxiv | year=2020 |type=[[Preprint]] | doi=10.1101/2020.07.17.20140533 | doi-access=free | url=https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.20140533v1.full.pdf | lay-url=https://blogs.sciencemag.org/pipeline/archives/2020/07/20/more-pfizer-phase-i-results-antibodies-viral-mutations-and-t-cells | name-list-format = vanc }}</ref>}}
| Fase I (45)
|62 als EUA, Alemanya
| Estats Units
|data-sort-value=2021-05|Abr 2020{{snd}}Mai 2021
| Març de 2020 a primavera-estiu 2021
| <ref name = thanh /> <ref name = "NIH-director-16-March"> {{ref-web|títol= NIH assaig clínic de vacuna d'investigació per a COVID-19 comença | url = https: //www.nih. gov / news-events / comunicats de notícies / nih-clinic-trial-investigational-vaccine-covid-19-begin | editor = Instituts nacionals de salut dels EUA | data d’accés = 17 de març de 2020 |llengua= EN | data = 16 de març 2020}} </ref><ref name = "mod-04283461"> {{ClinicalTrialsGov | NCT04283461 | Estudi de seguretat i immunogenicitat de la vacuna nCoV 2019-mCNAV (mRNA-1273) per a la profilaxis SARS CoV-2 Infection}} </ref>
|-
|-
|'''Ad5-nCoV'''<wbr /><ref name="NCT04341389">{{cite web |title=A Phase II Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Recombinant Vaccine for COVID-19 (Adenovirus Vector) (CTII-nCoV) |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04341389 |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |type=Registry |id=NCT04341389 |date=10 April 2020 |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref><br />[[CanSino Biologics|CanSinoBIO]], Beijing Institute of Biotechnology of the [[Academy of Military Medical Sciences]]{{efn-la|name="Ad5-nCoV-manufacture"|Manufacturing partnership with the [[National Research Council (Canada)|National Research Council of Canada]] and Canadian Center for Vaccinology, [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=The National Research Council of Canada and CanSino Biologics Inc. announce collaboration to advance vaccine against COVID-19|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/national-research-council/news/2020/05/the-national-research-council-of-canada-and-cansino-biologics-inc-announce-collaboration-to-advance-vaccine-against-covid-19.html|publisher=National Research Council, Government of Canada|date=2020-05-12|access-date=2020-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522153344/https://www.canada.ca/en/national-research-council/news/2020/05/the-national-research-council-of-canada-and-cansino-biologics-inc-announce-collaboration-to-advance-vaccine-against-covid-19.html|archive-date=22 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| '' 'Covid-19 / aAPC' ''
|[[Recombinant vaccine|Recombinant]] [[Adenoviridae|adenovirus]] [[Serotype|type]] 5 [[Viral vector|vector]]
(Institut Mèdic Geno-Immune de Shenzhen)
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=2|participants=508|description=Interventional trial for dosing and side effects}}
| Vector lentiviral en teràpia gènica | vector lentiviral, antigen artificial específic per a patògens que presenta [[cèl·lules dendrítiques]] s
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=2|participants=508|description=Neutralizing antibody and [[T cell]] responses. '''Adverse effects''': moderate over 7 days: 74% had fever, pain, fatigue<ref name="zhu7-20">{{cite journal | last1=Zhu | first1=Feng-Cai | last2=Guan | first2=Xu-Hua | last3=Li | first3=Yu-Hua | last4=Huang | first4=Jian-Ying | last5=Jiang | first5=Tao | last6=Hou | first6=Li-Hua | last7=Li | first7=Jing-Xin | last8=Yang | first8=Bei-Fang | last9=Wang | first9=Ling | last10=Wang | first10=Wen-Juan | last11=Wu | first11=Shi-Po | last12=Wang | first12=Zhao | last13=Wu | first13=Xiao-Hong | last14=Xu | first14=Jun-Jie | last15=Zhang | first15=Zhe | last16=Jia | first16=Si-Yue | last17=Wang | first17=Bu-Sen | last18=Hu | first18=Yi | last19=Liu | first19=Jing-Jing | last20=Zhang | first20=Jun | last21=Qian | first21=Xiao-Ai | last22=Li | first22=Qiong | last23=Pan | first23=Hong-Xing | last24=Jiang | first24=Hu-Dachuan | last25=Deng | first25=Peng | last26=Gou | first26=Jin-Bo | last27=Wang | first27=Xue-Wen | last28=Wang | first28=Xing-Huan | last29=Chen | first29=Wei | display-authors=6 | title=Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant adenovirus type-5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 years or older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial | journal=Lancet | date=July 2020 | issn=0140-6736 | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31605-6 | pmid=32702299 | doi-access=free | url=https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2820%2931605-6 | format=PDF | lay-url=https://blogs.sciencemag.org/pipeline/archives/2020/07/20/new-data-on-the-cansino-vaccine | name-list-format = vanc }}</ref>}}
| Fase I (100)
| [[Shenzhen]], Xina
|[[Wuhan]]
| data-sort-value="2020-12" |Mar{{ndash}}Des 2020
| Març del 2020 al 2023
| <ref name = thanh /> <ref name = "shenz-04299724"> {{ClinicalTrialsGov | NCT04299724 | Seguretat i immunitat de la vacuna Covid-19 aAPC}} </ref>
|-
| '' 'LV-SMENP-DC' ''
(Institut Mèdic Geno-Immune de Shenzhen)
| vacuna lentigirale minigene, cèl·lules dendrítiques modificades amb vector lentiviral
| Fase I (100)
| Shenzhen, Xina
| Març del 2020 al 2023
| <ref name = thanh /> <ref name = "shenz-04276896"> {{ClinicalTrialsGov | NCT04276896 | Immunitat i seguretat de Covid-19 Synthetic Minigene Vaccine}} </ref>
|-
| '' 'INO-4800' ''
(Inovio Pharmaceuticals, CEPI)
| ADN [[plasmidi]] lliurat per [[electroporació]]
| Fase I (40)
| Estats Units
| Abril 2020 a novembre 2020
| <ref name="thanh">{{ref-publicació|cognom=Thanh Le |nom=Tung|cognom2=Andreadakis |nom2=Zacharias|cognom3=Kumar |nom3=Arun|cognom4=Gómez Román |nom4=Raúl|cognom5=Tollefsen |nom5=Stig|cognom6=Saville |nom6=Melanie|cognom7=Mayhew |nom7=Stephen |títol=The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape |publicació=Nature Reviews Drug Discovery |data= 9 abril 2020 | issn=1474-1776 | doi=10.1038/d41573-020-00073-5|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41573-020-00073-5}}</ref><ref name = "Inov-04336410"> {{ClinicalTrialsGov | NCT04336410 | Seguretat, tolerabilitat i immunogenicitat d'INO-4800 per a COVID-19 en voluntaris sans}} </ref>
|-
|-
|'''INO-4800'''<wbr/>{{efn-la|name="INO-4800-phase"|South Korean Phase I–II in parallel with Phase I in the US}}<ref name="NCT04336410">{{cite web |title=Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of INO-4800 for COVID-19 in Healthy Volunteers |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04336410 |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |type=Registry |id=NCT04336410 |date=7 April 2020 |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ivi.int/ivi-inovio-and-knih-to-partner-with-cepi-in-a-phase-i-ii-clinical-trial-of-inovios-covid-19-dna-vaccine-in-south-korea/|title=IVI, INOVIO, and KNIH to partner with CEPI in a Phase I/II clinical trial of INOVIO's COVID-19 DNA vaccine in South Korea|publisher=International Vaccine Institute|date=2020-04-16|access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref><br />[[Inovio Pharmaceuticals|Inovio]], [[Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations|CEPI]], [[Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Korea National Institute of Health]], [[International Vaccine Institute]]
|[[DNA vaccination#Plasmid vectors|DNA plasmid]] delivered by [[electroporation]]
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=1|endphase=2|participants=40}}
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|sortvalue=0a|Pending Phase I report}}
|3 als EUA, [[Seül]]
|data-sort-value=2020-11|Abr{{ndash}}Nov 2020
|}
|}


Revisió del 15:12, 17 ago 2020

El vaccí contra la COVID-19 o vacuna contra la COVID-19[1] és un vaccí que està en fase de realització contra el SARS-CoV-2, virus que provoca la COVID-19, pandèmia que va contagiar tots els països entre el 2019 i el 2020. Tot i que cap vaccí no ha completat els assajos clínics, existeixen diversos projectes en curs. A finals de febrer de 2020, l'Organització Mundial de la Salut (OMS) va dir que no esperava que estigués disponible en menys de 18 mesos.[2] A principis de març del 2020, hi havia una trentena de candidats a l'elaboració d'un remei.

Més endavant, el 16 de març, van començar uns assajos clínics als Estats Units amb un vaccí anomenat ARNm-1273, desenvolupat per la companya de biotecnologia estatunidenca Moderna.[3] Menys d'un dia després, l'epidemiòloga xinesa Chen Wei va declarar que el seu equip també havia elaborat un vaccí a la Xina i es preparava a provar-lo amb humans.[4]

Assajos clínics

COVID‑19: vacunes candidates als assaigs de les fases I-III[5][6][7]
Vacunes candidates
Desenvolupadors, patrocinadors 		Tecnologia Fase actual

(participants)
Disseny

Fase finalitzada[a] (participants)
Resposta immunitària, efectes adversos 		Localització Durada[b]
mRNA-1273[8][9]
Moderna, NIAID, BARDA 		Lipid nanoparticle dispersion contenint mRNA Fase III (30.000)
Interventional; randomized, placebo-controlled study for efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity 		Fase I (45)
Dose-dependent neutralizing antibody response on two-dose schedule; undetermined durability. Adverse effects: fever, fatigue, headache, muscle ache, and pain at the injection site[10][11] 		89 en els EUA Jul 2020 – Oct 2022
Unnamed[12][13]
Sinopharm: Beijing Institute of Biological Products, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products 		Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 (vero cells) Fase III (15.000)
Randomized, double-blind, parallel placebo-controlled, to evaluate safety and protective efficacy in UAE (15,000) 		Fase I–II (320)
Neutralizing antibodies at day 14 after 2 injections; Adverse effects: injection site pain and fever, which were mild and self-limiting; no serious effects[14] 		Jiaozuo, Abu Dhabi Jul 2020 – Jul 2021 a Abu Dhabi
CoronaVac[15][16][17]
Sinovac, Instituto Butantan 		Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Fase III (10.490)
double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled to evaluate efficacy and safety in Brazil (8,870); Indonesia (1,620) 		Fase II (600)
Preprint. Immunogenicity eliciting 92% seroconversion at lower dose; Adverse effects: mild in severity, pain at injection site[18] 		2 a Xina, 12 a Brasil, Indonèsia
  • Abr – Dec 2020 a Xuzhou
  • Mai – Jul 2020 a Renqiu
  • Jul 2020 – Oct 2021 a Brasil
AZD1222[c][20][21][22]
Universitat d'Oxford, AstraZeneca 		Modified chimp adenovirus vector (ChAdOx1) Fase II–III (10.260)
Interventional; randomized, placebo-controlled study for efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity 		Fase I–II (543)
Spike-specific antibodies at day 28; neutralizing antibodies after a booster dose at day 56. Adverse effects: pain at the injection site, headache, fever, chills, muscle ache, malaise in more than 60% of participants; paracetamol allowed for some participants to increase tolerability[23] 		20 a RU, São Paulo Mai 2020 – Ago 2021
BNT162 a1, b1, b2, c2[d][24][25]
BioNTech, Fosun Pharma, Pfizer 		mRNA Fase II–III (30.000)[26]
Randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-finding, vaccine candidate-selection 		Fase I–II (60)
Preprint. Strong RBD-binding IgG and neutralizing antibody response peaked 7 days after a booster dose, robust CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, undetermined durability. Adverse effects: dose-dependent and moderate including pain at the injection site, fatigue, headache, chills, muscle and join pain, fever[27][28] 		62 als EUA, Alemanya Abr 2020 – Mai 2021
Ad5-nCoV[29]
CanSinoBIO, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences[e] 		Recombinant adenovirus type 5 vector Fase II (508)
Interventional trial for dosing and side effects 		Fase II (508)
Neutralizing antibody and T cell responses. Adverse effects: moderate over 7 days: 74% had fever, pain, fatigue[31] 		Wuhan Mar – Des 2020
INO-4800[f][32][33]
Inovio, CEPI, Korea National Institute of Health, International Vaccine Institute 		DNA plasmid delivered by electroporation Fase I–II (40) Pending Phase I report 3 als EUA, Seül Abr – Nov 2020

Anticossos laminoides

El Perú va anunciar l'abril del 2020 que començaria a treballar per crear una vacuna, amb la companyia farmacèutica Farvet i la Universitat Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH) que van anunciar plans per desenvolupar conjuntament una vacuna a Chincha.[34] L’Estació Experimental Perú d’Investigació Científica i Millora Genètica d’Alpaques del Grup Inca, va seleccionar el 5 de juny de 2020 quatre alpaques per al desenvolupament d’una nova vacuna que havia estat desenvolupant conjuntament amb Farvet i UPCH. El 7 d'agost, l'Institut Nacional de Salut peruà (INS) va anunciar que començaria el desenvolupament d'un possible tractament per a COVID-19 amb "nanoanticossos recombinants".[35]

Referències

  1. ↑ «A l'entorn del coronavirus». Termcat, 12-02-2020. [Consulta: 23 març 2020].
  2. ↑ ; Drew, Trevor«Here's Why It's Taking So Long to Develop a Vaccine for the New Coronavirus», 17-02-2020. Arxivat de l'original el 28 febrer 2020.
  3. ↑ «La pugna internacional pel vaccí contra el coronavirus: què se’n sap de moment?». Vilaweb [Consulta: 20 març 2020].
  4. ↑ «China approves vaccine trials for coronavirus, on par with US». Global Times, 17-03-2020 [Consulta: 20 març 2020].
  5. ↑ «COVID-19 vaccine development pipeline (Refresh URL to update)». Vaccine Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-07-2020. Arxivat de l'original el 18 May 2020. [Consulta: 21 juliol 2020].
  6. ↑ «COVID-19 vaccine tracker (Choose vaccines tab, apply filters to view select data)». Milken Institute, 23-06-2020. Arxivat de l'original el 23 June 2020. [Consulta: 20 juliol 2020].
  7. ↑ «Draft landscape of COVID 19 candidate vaccines». World Health Organization, 21-07-2020. Arxivat de l'original el 14 May 2020. [Consulta: 21 juliol 2020].
  8. ↑ «A Study to Evaluate Efficacy, Safety, and Immunogenicity of mRNA-1273 Vaccine in Adults Aged 18 Years and Older to Prevent COVID-19». ClinicalTrials.gov. United States National Library of Medicine, 14-07-2020. [Consulta: 27 juliol 2020].
  9. ↑ «COVID-19 vaccine candidate heads to widespread testing in U.S.». NPR, 27-07-2020 [Consulta: 27 juliol 2020].
  10. ↑ «An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 – Preliminary Report». New England Journal of Medicine, July 2020. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2022483. PMC: 7377258. PMID: 32663912.
  11. ↑ «An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 – Preliminary Report Supplementary appendix». New England Journal of Medicine, July 2020. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2022483. PMID: 32663912.
  12. ↑ «A randomized, double-blind, placebo parallel-controlled phase I/II clinical trial for inactivated Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia vaccine (Vero cells)». Chinese Clinical Trial Register, 11-04-2020. Arxivat de l'original el 10 May 2020. [Consulta: 25 abril 2020].
  13. ↑ Chen, Wei; Al Kaabi, Nawal «A Phase III clinical trial for inactivated novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) vaccine (Vero cells)». Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, 18-07-2020 [Consulta: 15 agost 2020].
  14. ↑ «Effect of an Inactivated Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2 on Safety and Immunogenicity Outcomes: Interim Analysis of 2 Randomized Clinical Trials». JAMA, 13-08-2020. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.15543.
  15. ↑ «Safety and Immunogenicity Study of Inactivated Vaccine for Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19) (Renqiu)». ClinicalTrials.gov. United States National Library of Medicine, 12-05-2020. [Consulta: 14 juliol 2020].
  16. ↑ «Clinical Trial of Efficacy and Safety of Sinovac's Adsorbed COVID-19 (Inactivated) Vaccine in Healthcare Professionals (PROFISCOV)». ClinicalTrials.gov. United States National Library of Medicine, 02-07-2020. [Consulta: 3 agost 2020].
  17. ↑ PT. Bio Farma «A Phase III, observer-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of SARS-COV-2 inactivated vaccine in healthy adults aged 18-59 years in Indonesia». Registri Penyakit Indonesia, 10-08-2020 [Consulta: 15 agost 2020].
  18. ↑ «Immunogenicity and Safety of a SARS-CoV-2 Inactivated Vaccine in Healthy Adults Aged 18-59 years: Report of the Randomized, Double-blind, and Placebo-controlled Phase 2 Clinical Trial». medRxiv, 10-08-2020. DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.31.20161216.
  19. ↑ ; Shelley, Jo; Duwe, Eduardo; Bonnett, William «The world's hopes for a coronavirus vaccine may run in these health care workers' veins». CNN [[[São Paulo]]], 27-07-2020.
  20. ↑ «Investigating a Vaccine Against COVID-19». ClinicalTrials.gov. United States National Library of Medicine, 26-05-2020. [Consulta: 14 juliol 2020].
  21. ↑ «A Phase 2/3 study to determine the efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of the candidate Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) vaccine ChAdOx1 nCoV-19». EU Clinical Trials Register. European Union, 21-04-2020. [Consulta: 3 agost 2020].
  22. ↑ O'Reilly, Peter «A Phase III study to investigate a vaccine against COVID-19». , 26-05-2020. DOI: 10.1186/ISRCTN89951424. ISRCTN89951424.
  23. ↑ Folegatti, Pedro M; Ewer, Katie J; Aley, Parvinder K; Angus, Brian; Becker, Stephan; Belij-Rammerstorfer, Sandra; Bellamy, Duncan; Bibi, Sagida; Bittaye, Mustapha «Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial» (PDF). Lancet, July 2020. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31604-4. PMID: 32702298.
  24. ↑ «Study to Describe the Safety, Tolerability, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy of RNA Vaccine Candidates Against COVID-19 in Healthy Adults». ClinicalTrials.gov. United States National Library of Medicine, 30-04-2020. [Consulta: 14 juliol 2020].
  25. ↑ «A Multi-site Phase I/II, 2-Part, Dose-Escalation Trial Investigating the Safety and Immunogenicity of four Prophylactic SARS-CoV-2 RNA Vaccines Against COVID-19 Using Different Dosing Regimens in Healthy Adults». EU Clinical Trials Register. European Union, 14-04-2020. Arxivat de l'original el 22 April 2020. [Consulta: 22 abril 2020].
  26. ↑ Lovelace Jr., Berkeley «Pfizer and BioNTech began late-stage human trial for coronavirus vaccine Monday». CNBC, 27-07-2020.
  27. ↑ Mulligan, Mark; Lyke, Kirsten; Kitchin, Nicholas; Absalon, Judith; Gurtman, Alejandra; Lockhart, Stephen; Neuzil, Kathleen; Raabe, Vanessa; Bailey, Ruth «Phase 1/2 Study to Describe the Safety and Immunogenicity of a COVID-19 RNA Vaccine Candidate (BNT162b1) in Adults 18 to 55 Years of Age: Interim Report». MedRxiv, 01-07-2020. DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.30.20142570.
  28. ↑ Sahin, Ugur; Muik, Alexander; Derhovanessian, Evelyna; Vogler, Isabel; Kranz, Lena M; Vormehr, Mathias; Baum, Alina; Pascal, Kristen; Quandt, Jasmin «Concurrent human antibody and TH1 type T-cell responses elicited by a COVID-19 RNA vaccine». MedRxiv, 2020. DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.17.20140533.
  29. ↑ «A Phase II Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Recombinant Vaccine for COVID-19 (Adenovirus Vector) (CTII-nCoV)». ClinicalTrials.gov. United States National Library of Medicine, 10-04-2020. [Consulta: 14 juliol 2020].
  30. ↑ «The National Research Council of Canada and CanSino Biologics Inc. announce collaboration to advance vaccine against COVID-19». National Research Council, Government of Canada, 12-05-2020. Arxivat de l'original el 22 May 2020. [Consulta: 22 maig 2020].
  31. ↑ Zhu, Feng-Cai; Guan, Xu-Hua; Li, Yu-Hua; Huang, Jian-Ying; Jiang, Tao; Hou, Li-Hua; Li, Jing-Xin; Yang, Bei-Fang; Wang, Ling «Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant adenovirus type-5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 years or older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial» (PDF). Lancet, July 2020. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31605-6. ISSN: 0140-6736. PMID: 32702299.
  32. ↑ «Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of INO-4800 for COVID-19 in Healthy Volunteers». ClinicalTrials.gov. United States National Library of Medicine, 07-04-2020. [Consulta: 14 juliol 2020].
  33. ↑ «IVI, INOVIO, and KNIH to partner with CEPI in a Phase I/II clinical trial of INOVIO's COVID-19 DNA vaccine in South Korea». International Vaccine Institute, 16-04-2020. [Consulta: 23 abril 2020].
  34. ↑ CORREO, NOTICIAS. «Perú: Coronavirus Perú | Peruanos desarrollan vacuna contra el coronavirus e | NOTICIAS CORREO PERÚ» (en castellà). Correo, 08-04-2020. [Consulta: 14 agost 2020].
  35. ↑ Zuta Dávila, Luis. «Coronavirus: anticuerpos de alpaca, vicuña y guanaco peruanos también evitarían enfermedad» (en castellà). Andina. [Consulta: 14 agost 2020].


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