Usuari:Тутовий/Independentisme i regionalisme a Rússia

De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure
Manifestació independentista tàrtar el 1991.
Manifestació nacionalista de la diàspora circassiana.
La primera guerra de Txetxènia.
Artiom Loskutov, regionalista siberià.

Els moviments independentistes, nacionalistes i regionalistes a Rússia són els corrents que cerquen una major autonomia o la independència de diverses ètnies i regions de Rússia.[1][2]

This table shows only the list of movements. The source of each movement is cited in its own section. The population of each area is provided for information only.

Number Land Capital Area Population Ethnic Main Political Party
All of Asian Russia
1 Siberian Republic Novosibirsk 13,100,000 40.000.000 Sibiryak people Siberian regionalism
Far Eastern Federal District of Asian Russia
2 Sakha Republic Yakutsk 3,083,523 1.000.000 Yakut people Sakha-Amuk
3 Far Eastern Republic Chita 1,900,000 3,000,000 Nanai people Alliance of the Pacific Peoples
4 Chukotka Anadyr 737,700 50,000 Chukchi people
5 Buryatia Ulan-Ude 351,300 1,000,000 Buryat people All-Buryat Association
6 Koryakia Palana 292,600 15,000 Koryak people
7 Evenia Evensk 102,000 3,000 Even people
8 Jewishia Birobidzhan 36,000 150,000 Jewish people
9 Nanaia Troitskoye 27,644 15,000 Nanai people Nanai People's Platform
Siberian Federal District of Asian Russia
10 Taymyria Dudinka 879,929 40,000 Dolgan people
11 Evenkia Tura 763,197 20,000 Evenk people
12 Tuva Kyzyl 170,500 300,000 Tuvan people People's Party of Sovereign Tuva
13 Selkupia Krasnoselkup 106,270 6,000 Selkup people People's Party of Sovereign Tuva
14 Altai Republic Gorno-Altaysk 92,600 220,000 Altai people Altai-Sayun United Movement
15 Khakassia Abakan 61,900 550,000 Khakas people
16 Shoria Tashtagol 25,000 15,000 Shor people
17 Ust-Orda Buryatia Ust-Ordynsky 22,138 150,000 Buryat people All-Buryat Association
18 Agin Buryatia Aginskoye 19,600 80,000 Buryat people
Ural Federal District of Asian Russia
19 Yamalia Salekhard 750,300 500,000 Nenets people Yamal for Future Generations
20 Khanty-Mansiysk (Yugra) Khanty-Mansiysk 534,800 1,500,000 Finno-Ugric people Association to Save Yurga
Ural Federal District of European Russia
21 Ural Republic Yekaterinburg 194,800 4,300,000 Russian people Ural Democratic Foundation
Volga Federal District of European Russia
22 Idel-Ural Kazan 321,400 11,000,000 Volga people Free Idel-Ural
23 Bashkortostan Ufa 143,600 4,050,000 Bashkir people The Heavenly Wolf
24 Tatarstan Kazan 68,000 4,000,000 Tatar people All-Tatar Public Center
25 Udmurtia Izhevsk 42,100 1,500,000 Udmurt people Udmurt Republican National Party
26 Mordovia Saransk 26,200 800,000 Mordvin people Democracy and Independence Mordvin Front
27 Mari El Yoshkar-Ola 23,200 700,000 Mari people Mari Ushem
28 Chuvashia Cheboksary 18,300 1,250,000 Chuvash people Chuvash National Movement
Northwestern Federal District of European Russia
29 Komi Republic Syktyvkar 415,900 850,000 Komi people Komi People's Congress
30 Nenetsia Naryan-Mar 176,700 45,000 Nenets people Nenet National Movement
31 Karelia Petrozavodsk 172,400 600.000 Karelian people
32 Kaliningrad Kaliningrad 84.500 1,800,000 Russian people
33 Permyakia Kudymkar 32.770 120.000 Komi people Komi People's Congress
34 Leningrad Leningrad 15.100 1.000.000 Ingrian people Free Ingria
Southern Federal District of European Russia
35 Don Republic Rostov 100,800 4.200.000 Donian people Free Cossack Movement (Rostov Oblast)
36 Kuban Krasnodar 76.000 5.300.000 Kubanian people Free Cossack Movement (Krasnodar Krai)
37 Kalmykia Elista 76.000 300.000 Kalmyk people
North Caucasian Federal District of European Russia
38 Circassia Sotxi 50.000 1.000.000 Circassian people Circassian nationalism
39 Chechnya Grozny 17.300 1.500.000 Chechen people Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
40 Lezgistan Derbent 10.000 800.000 Lezgin people Lezgin nationalism
41 Karachay-Balkaria Karachayevsk 10.000 300,000 Turkic people Balkar and Karachay nationalism
42 Ingushetia Magas 3,000 500,000 Ingush people Ingush People Council
43 Rutulstan Rutul 2,170 20,000 Rutul people Rutul National Revival Front
44 Abazinia Adlersky 2,000 50,000 Abkhaz people World Congress of Abkhaz-Abazin people
45 Lakistan Kumukh 1,500 200,000 Lak people Lak National Council
46 Tabasaranstan Khuchni 1,400 75,000 Tabasaran people Tabasaran National Movement
47 Avaria Khunzakh Unknown 850,000 Avar people Avar National Union
48 Darginstan Levashi Unknown 500,000 Dargin people Free Society of Dargo
49 Kumykia Tarki Unknown 500,000 Kumyk people Tenglik
50 Nogaia Erken Unknown 100,000 Nogai people Association of Nogais of Dagestan
51 Aghulistan Aguldere Unknown 25,000 Aghul people Agul Gelinbatan
Total Secession in Russia 15,000,000 80,000,000 Ethnic Groups Secession in Russia
Total Russia Moscow 17,100,000 150,000,000 Russian people Russian nationalism

Rússia asiàtica[modifica]

Vegeu també: List of active separatist movements in Asia § Russia
Vegeu també: Asian Russia, Indigenous peoples of Siberia, Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War, i List of contemporary ethnic groups

Resum[modifica]

This table shows only the list of movements. The source of each movement is cited in its own section. The population of each area is provided for information only.

Number Land Capital Area Population Ethnic Main Political Party
All of Asian Russia
1 Siberian Republic Novosibirsk 13,100,000 40,000,000 Sibiryak people Siberian regionalism
Far Eastern Federal District of Asian Russia
2 Sakha Republic Yakutsk 3,083,523 1,000,000 Yakut people Sakha-Amuk
3 Far Eastern Republic Chita 1,900,000 3,000,000 Nanai people Alliance of the Pacific Peoples
4 Chukotka Anadyr 737,700 50,000 Chukchi people
5 Buryatia Ulan-Ude 351,300 1,000,000 Buryat people All-Buryat Association
6 Koryakia Palana 292,600 15,000 Koryak people
7 Evenia Evensk 102,000 3,000 Even people
8 Jewishia Birobidzhan 36,000 150,000 Jewish people
9 Nanaia Troitskoye 27,644 15,000 Nanai people Nanai People's Platform
Siberian Federal District of Asian Russia
10 Taymyria Dudinka 879,929 40,000 Dolgan people
11 Evenkia Tura 763,197 20,000 Evenk people
12 Tuva Kyzyl 170,500 300,000 Tuvan people People's Party of Sovereign Tuva
13 Selkupia Krasnoselkup 106,270 6,000 Selkup people People's Party of Sovereign Tuva
14 Altai Republic Gorno-Altaysk 92,600 220,000 Altai people Altai-Sayun United Movement
15 Khakassia Abakan 61,900 550,000 Khakas people
16 Shoria Tashtagol 25,000 15,000 Shor people
17 Ust-Orda Buryatia Ust-Ordynsky 22,138 150,000 Buryat people All-Buryat Association
18 Agin Buryatia Aginskoye 19,600 80,000 Buryat people
Ural Federal District of Asian Russia
19 Yamalia Salekhard 750,300 500,000 Nenets people Yamal for Future Generations
20 Khanty-Mansiysk (Yugra) Khanty-Mansiysk 534,800 1,500,000 Finno-Ugric people Association to Save Yurga
Total Plantilla:Flagdeco Secession in Asian Russia 13,100,000 40,000,000 Ethnic Groups Secession in Russia
Total Plantilla:Flagdeco Asian Russia Novosibirsk 13,100,000 40,000,000 Russian people Russian nationalism

Asian Russia[modifica]

Siberia or Siberian Federal District[3][4]

Far Eastern Federal District[modifica]

Plantilla:Country data Chukotka

Plantilla:Country data Koryakia

Far Eastern Republic

Plantilla:Country data Sakha Republic

Plantilla:Country data Buryatia[6]

Evenia

Plantilla:Country data Jewish Autonomous Oblast

Nanaia

Siberian Federal District[modifica]

Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District[7][8]

Plantilla:Country data Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug

Plantilla:Country data Altai Republic

  • Ethnic group: Altai people
    • Proposed state: Confederated Republic of Altai
    • Movement: Altai-Sayun United Movement
    • Organizations: Altai Turks Associstion, Kurualtai of the Altai People
    • Political parties: Confederal Nation of the Altai Tribes, Ene-Bayat

Evenkia

Plantilla:Country data Khakassia

Selkupia

Shor Mountain

Tuva

  • Ethnic group: Tuvans
  • Proposed state: Tuva
    • Political parties: People's Party of Sovereign Tuva, People's Front "Free Tuva", Tiva Turu

Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug

Ural Federal District[modifica]

Plantilla:Country data Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug [10][11][12]

Yamalia/Nenets Autonomous Okrug

European Russia[modifica]

Vegeu també: List of active separatist movements in Europe § Russia
Vegeu també: European Russia, Category:Lists of clashes in the North Caucasus, North Caucasus, Insurgency in the North Caucasus, Caucasus Emirate, Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus, Russian conquest of the Caucasus, i List of contemporary ethnic groups

Summary[modifica]

This table shows only the list of movements. The source of each movement is cited in its own section. The population of each area is provided for information only.

Number Land Capital Area Population Ethnic Main Political Party
Ural Federal District of European Russia
1 Ural Republic Yekaterinburg 194,800 4,300,000 Russian people Ural Democratic Foundation
Volga Federal District of European Russia
2 Idel-Ural Kazan 321,400 11,000,000 Volga people Free Idel-Ural
3 Bashkortostan Ufa 143,600 4,050,000 Bashkir people The Heavenly Wolf
4 Tatarstan Kazan 68,000 4,000,000 Tatar people All-Tatar Public Center
5 Udmurtia Izhevsk 42,100 1,500,000 Udmurt people Udmurt Republican National Party
6 Mordovia Saransk 26,200 800,000 Mordvin people Democracy and Independence Mordvin Front
7 Mari El Yoshkar-Ola 23,200 700,000 Mari people Mari Ushem
8 Chuvashia Cheboksary 18,300 1,250,000 Chuvash people Chuvash National Movement
Northwestern Federal District of European Russia
9 Komi Republic Syktyvkar 415,900 850,000 Komi people Komi People's Congress
10 Nenetsia Naryan-Mar 176,700 45,000 Nenets people Nenet National Movement
11 Karelia Petrozavodsk 172,400 600,000 Karelian people
12 Kaliningrad Kaliningrad 84,500 1,800,000 Russian people
13 Permyakia Kudymkar 32,770 120,000 Komi people Komi People's Congress
14 Leningrad Leningrad 15,100 1,000,000 Ingrian people Free Ingria
Southern Federal District of European Russia
15 Don Republic Rostov 100,800 4,200,000 Donian people Free Cossack Movement (Rostov Oblast)
16 Kuban Krasnodar 76,000 5,300,000 Kubanian people Free Cossack Movement (Krasnodar Krai)
17 Kalmykia Elista 76,000 300,000 Kalmyk people
North Caucasian Federal District of European Russia
18 Circassia Sotxi 50,000 1,000,000 Circassian people Circassian nationalism
19 Chechnya Grozny 17,300 1,500,000 Chechen people Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
20 Lezgistan Derbent 10,000 800,000 Lezgin people Lezgin nationalism
21 Karachay-Balkaria Karachayevsk 10,000 300,000 Turkic people Balkar and Karachay nationalism
22 Ingushetia Magas 3,000 500,000 Ingush people Ingush People Council
23 Rutulstan Rutul 2,170 20,000 Rutul people Rutul National Revival Front
24 Abazinia Adlersky 2,000 50,000 Abkhaz people World Congress of Abkhaz-Abazin people
25 Lakistan Kumukh 1,500 200,000 Lak people Lak National Council
26 Tabasaranstan Khuchni 1,400 75,000 Tabasaran people Tabasaran National Movement
27 Avaria Khunzakh Unknown 850,000 Avar people Avar National Union
28 Darginstan Levashi Unknown 500,000 Dargin people Free Society of Dargo
29 Kumykia Tarki Unknown 500,000 Kumyk people Tenglik
30 Nogaia Erken Unknown 100,000 Nogai people Association of Nogais of Dagestan
31 Aghulistan Aguldere Unknown 25,000 Aghul people Agul Gelinbatan
Total Secession in European Russia 1,900,000 40,000,000 Ethnic Groups Dissolution of Russia
Total European Russia Moscow 4,000,000 110,000,000 Russian people Russian nationalism
Tatarstan
Map of Ingria/Leningrad Oblast claimed by the advocacy group of Free Ingria, which also likely comprises another federal subject, Saint Petersburg.

Ural Federal District[modifica]

Sverdlovsk Oblast[13][14][15]

Volga Federal District[modifica]

Idel-Ural[16][17]

Mari El

Plantilla:Country data Mordovia

Tatarstan[19][20][21]

  • People: Tatars
    • Militant organisation: All-Tatar Public Center
      • Advocacy groups: The Union of Tatar Youth, Tatar Patriotic Front Altyn Urda, Tatar Social Center
      • Government in exile: Tatar Government in Exile
      • Organization: Ittifaq Party
    • Proposed state: Tatarstan

Plantilla:Country data Udmurtia[22]

Bashkortostan[19]

  • People: Bashkir
    • Advocacy groups: Bashkort Public Organization, Bashkir Human Rights Movement, Council of Aksakals of Bashkortostan, Bashkir Social Movement
      • Political party: The Heavenly Wolf
    • Proposed state: Bashkortostan

Chuvashia[23]

  • People: Chuvash
    • Proposed state: Chuvashia
      • Movements: Chuvash National Movement, Chuvash Republican Youth
      • Organization: Chuvash Ireklekh Society of National-Cultural Rebirth

Northwestern Federal District[modifica]

Nenetsia

Plantilla:Country data Komi Republic[24]

  • People: Komi
    • Proposed state: Komi Republic
      • Political organizations: Komi Republican Organization
      • Advocacy movements: Komi Voityr, Finno-Ugric Peoples Consultative Committee
      • Organization: Komi People's Congress

Leningrad Oblast[25][26]

Komi-Permyak Okrug[27]

Karelia

Kaliningrad Oblast

Southern Federal District[modifica]

Kuban [29][30]

Don Republic[31][32]

Kalmykia [33][34]

North Caucasian Federal District[modifica]

Article principal: Insurgency in the North Caucasus
A map of list federal subjects and districts that has separatist movements in North Caucasus Federal District.

 Chechnya

Greater Sochi map (Abazinia)/Adlersky City District and Khostinsky City District

Abazinia[39][40][41]

Circassia

Aghulistan

Avaria[43]

Darginstan

Plantilla:Country data Ingushetia

Ethnic map of Kabardino-Balkaria, 2002.
Ethnic map of Karachay-Cherkessia, 2010

Karachay-Balkaria

Kumykia

Lakistan

Fitxer:Flag of the Lezgi people.svg Lezgistan

Nogaia

Rutulstan

Tabasaranstan

Maps[modifica]

  • Мапа Росії без республік та неліквідованих національних округів
    Мапа Росії без республік та неліквідованих національних округів
  • Проголошення республік у 1990-х роках у Росії
    Проголошення республік у 1990-х роках у Росії
  • Національні автономії та розселення національних меншин в Росії
    Національні автономії та розселення національних меншин в Росії

Informació general[modifica]

Entre els 84 subjectes federals de Rússia, hi ha 21 repúbliques nacionals i 4 districtes autònoms, cadascun amb el seu propi moviment nacional, per exemple Mari Ushem a Marí El. Aquests nacionalismes han estat especialment actius els anys 1917-1923, després de la Revolució Russa, quan es van establir diversos estats nacionals independents, i els anys 1990-1992, després del col·lapse de la Unió Soviètica, quan les diverses repúbliques de Rússia van proclamar la seva sobirania. Foren meres proclamacions i prou: moltes repúbliques no van fer cap pas més cap a una independència real i efectiva, però les referències a la sobirania de les repúbliques de Rússia van quedar escrites a les seves respectives constitucions fins a finals dels anys 2000.

La prohibició de diversos partits regionals s'ha anat produint a la legislació russa des dels primers anys 2000.[53] Un comunicat emès el març del 2015 per 7 presos polítics dels moviments nacionalistes de Rússia, no inclou els fonamentalistes islàmics, regionalistes, i activistes ucraïnesos i tàrtars empresonats a Crimea.[54] Amnistia Internacional emeté sengles crides per l'alliberament dels activistes Ruslan Kutàiev, txetxè, Rafis Kaixapov, tàtar, і Dària Poliudova, activista del regionalisme de Kuban.[55][56][57]

Llista dels moviments principals[modifica]

Vegeu també[modifica]

Enllaços externs[modifica]

Bibliografia[modifica]

  • Gammer, M. (ed.) (2008). Ethno-nationalism, Islam and the state in the Caucasus: Post-Soviet disorder. London: Routledge.
  • George, J. A. (2009). The politics of ethnic separatism in Russia and Georgia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Giuliano, E. (2011). Constructing grievance: Ethnic nationalism in Russia's republics. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
  • Gorenburg, D. P. (2003). Minority ethnic mobilization in the Russian Federation. Cambridge University Press.
  • Goode, J. P. (2011). The decline of regionalism in Putin's Russia: Boundary issues. London: Routledge.
  • Kappeler, A. (2014). The Russian Empire: A Multi-ethnic History. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.
  • Martin, T. (2001). The affirmative action empire: Nations and nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Pipes, R. (1997). The formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and nationalism, 1917-1923. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
  • Protsyk, O., & Harzl, B. (2012). Managing ethnic diversity in Russia. New York: Routledge.
  • Tishkov, V. A. (1997). Ethnicity, nationalism and conflict in and after the Soviet Union: The mind aflame. London: Sage.
  • Музаев, Т. М. (1999). Этнический сепаратизм в России. Москва: Панорама.
  • Шнирельман, В.А. (2006). Быть аланами. Интеллектуалы и политика на Северном Кавказе в XX веке. Москва: Новое литературное обозрение.

Referències[modifica]

  1. ↑ [enllaç sense format] https://books.google.cat/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC&pg=PA572&lpg=PA572&dq=Rutulstan&source=bl&ots=8dQeJbU5tm&sig=ACfU3U2slUrl_cpMAYA3WypZTpTIbms1sQ&hl=ca&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNlIz_g8DnAhVDSxUIHesiBCIQ6AEwAXoECAsQAQ#v=onepage&q=Rutulstan&f=false
  2. ↑ [enllaç sense format] https://althistory.fandom.com/wiki/Administrative_Divisions_of_Eurasia_(In_Frederick%27s_Fields)
  3. ↑ Error en el títol o la url.«» (en rus), 16-12-2019. [Consulta: 9 gener 2020].
  4. ↑ Error en el títol o la url.«» (en rus), 19-01-2020. [Consulta: 9 gener 2020].
  5. ↑ Minahan, James. Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z [4 Volumes], 30 maig 2002. ISBN 9780313076961. 
  6. ↑ Vorozhko, Tatiana. «Buryatia has already started talking about independence from Russia» (en ucraïnès), 21-03-2014.
  7. ↑ Korolkova, Elizabeth. «"They keep their dead in the barn": why they cannot bury the dead in Taymyr» (en rus), 07-12-2017.
  8. ↑ Starinova, Julia. «Taymyr residents again demand a referendum on autonomy» (en rus), 26-07-2017.
  9. ↑ Minahan, James. Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z [4 Volumes], 30 maig 2002. ISBN 9780313076961. 
  10. ↑ Libman, Alexander; Rochlitz, Michael. Federalism in China and Russia, 2019. ISBN 9781788972192. 
  11. ↑ The Republics and Regions of the Russian Federation: A Guide to Politics, Policies, and Leaders, 2000. ISBN 9780765605597. 
  12. ↑ Giuliano, Elise. Constructing Grievance: Ethnic Nationalism in Russia's Republics, 15 març 2011. ISBN 9780801460722. 
  13. ↑ Andrey, Romanov. «The Urals will become free, even if the West will save Moscow» (en russian), 28-05-2019.
  14. ↑ «Ural Republic is the future» (en rus), 17-10-2017.
  15. ↑ Bugai, Janusz. «Uprising of the Russian administrative divisions» (en russian), 09-01-2020.
  16. ↑ Goble, Paul. «Free Idel-Ural Movement takes shape in Kyiv» (en anglès americà), 24-03-2018.
  17. ↑ Podobed, Pavel. «Tatarstan is silent, suffering, waiting for an opportunity» (en rus), 12-04-2019.
  18. ↑ [enllaç sense format] http://uralistica.com/forum/topics/2161342:Topic:171113?commentId=2161342%3AComment%3A171436
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 Eltsov, Peter. «The Best Way to Deal With Russia: Wait for It to Implode» (en anglès americà), 03-08-2019.
  20. ↑ Alpout, Ramadan. «Members of the Tatar "government in exile" ask the Russian opposition to recognize the independence of the Idel-Ural republics» (en rus), 05-06-2019.
  21. ↑ Shtepa, Vadim «Independent Tatarstan will not be a colony or a metropolis» (en rus). Region Expert, 19-06-2019.
  22. ↑ В Удмуртия появилась организация региональных сепаратистов. «POHC» 
  23. ↑ Ashurov, Alexander. «Longing for sovereignty of Chuvashia inspired in Ukraine» (en rus), 19-01-2016.
  24. ↑ «The program of the Komi Republican Association "Doryam Asnymys" ("Protect Yourself")» (en rus). Region Expert, 16-09-2019.
  25. ↑ «The site of the movement "Free Ingria" is blocked» (en rus), 24-07-2017.
  26. ↑ Goble, Paul. «By Attacking ‘Free Ingria’ Leader, Moscow Highlights Regionalist Challenge to Itself in Russia’s Northwest», 30-05-2016.
  27. ↑ Subbotin, Ivan. «"We are patriots, not separatists!" Residents of the Komi District hope that autonomy will be returned to them» (en rus), 06-05-2015.
  28. ↑ Jamestown. «Kaliningrad Separatism Again on the Rise» 
  29. ↑ [enllaç sense format] https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/15/russia-fledgling-independence-movements
  30. ↑ «Kuban People's Republic proclaimed in Russia» (en rus). Region Expert, 30-01-2018.
  31. ↑ [enllaç sense format] https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/05/world/europe/cossacks-face-reprisals-as-rebel-groups-clash-in-eastern-ukraine.html
  32. ↑ [enllaç sense format] https://www.refworld.org/docid/51dfba394.html
  33. ↑ [enllaç sense format] https://jamestown.org/kalmyks-protest-donbas-separatist-who-was-appointed-mayor-of-republican-capital/
  34. ↑ [enllaç sense format] https://www.refworld.org/docid/49749cbf2.html
  35. ↑ The Putin-Osama Connection Arxivat 16 January 2009[Date mismatch] a Wayback Machine., Frontpage Magazine, 16 January 2008
  36. ↑ Sengupta and Chatterjee. Geographies: Perspectives from Eurasia. 15 December 2014. (page number not shown on page, but is available by text search): "The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria has collapsed and since then only remains a government in exile"
  37. ↑ Julia Wong «Facebook blocks Chechnya activist page in latest case of wrongful censorship». The Guardian, 06-06-2017. quote = "The group is supportive of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, an unrecognized government consisting of exiled leaders from the wars for independence."
  38. ↑ Liz Fuller «Facts In Attack On National Guard In Chechnya Questioned». RFERL, 06-06-2017. quote= "Akhmed Zakayev, the head of the independent Chechen Republic Ichkeria government in exile, similarly told Kavkaz.Realii that he was absolutely certain the Naurskaya attackers had no ties to IS or to any other terrorist group."
  39. ↑ «Abhazyam» (en anglès americà).
  40. ↑ Error en el títol o la url.«» (en anglès americà).
  41. ↑ «Seldon News» (en anglès americà).
  42. ↑ [enllaç sense format] https://books.google.cat.my/books?id=ftNIAAAAYAAJ&q=Aghuls+separatist&dq=Aghuls+separatist&hl=ja&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj95L2vuoLnAhV5zDgGHS8_BdoQ6AEINTAB
  43. ↑ «TRT World» (en anglès americà).
  44. ↑ [enllaç sense format] https://minorityrights.org/minorities/dargins/
  45. ↑ [enllaç sense format] https://www.crcpress.com/Dagestan-Russian-Hegemony-and-Islamic-Resistance-in-the-North-Caucasus/Robert-Ware/p/book/9780765620293
  46. ↑ [enllaç sense format] http://www.dushakavkaza.ru/st4.html
  47. ↑ [enllaç sense format] https://books.google.cat.my/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC&pg=PA396&dq=Lak+homeland&hl=ja&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiX5_z_uYLnAhWwxzgGHeWRDwMQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=Lak%20homeland&f=false
  48. ↑ [enllaç sense format] https://books.google.cat.my/books?id=u9Lq_8Ozf5cC&pg=PA1089&dq=Lezgin+stateless+nation&hl=ja&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9if_NuYLnAhXpyjgGHWlxBV0Q6AEILDAA#v=onepage&q=Lezgin%20stateless%20nation&f=false
  49. ↑ [enllaç sense format] https://books.google.cat.my/books?id=3_zn1QVngzQC&q=Nogai+separatist&dq=Nogai+separatist&hl=ja&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjenvmRuoLnAhXtyzgGHWBTCJkQ6AEIKTAA
  50. ↑ [enllaç sense format] http://rutulets.ru/history/rutulcy.html
  51. ↑ [enllaç sense format] https://books.google.cat.my/books?id=pGClDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA356&dq=Rutul+stateless+nation&hl=ja&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwid4-vPw_7mAhVIwzgGHXG-Dk0Q6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=Rutul%20stateless%20nation&f=false
  52. ↑ [enllaç sense format] https://books.google.cat.my/books?id=pGClDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA405&lpg=PA405&dq=Tabasaran+stateless+nation&source=bl&ots=clDdVxM1E_&sig=ACfU3U2BCgA_rdYVXxmus0zrbLkAwGSXpQ&hl=ja&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi69r27xP7mAhUwxjgGHestCRUQ6AEwAHoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=Tabasaran%20stateless%20nation&f=false
  53. ↑ Александр Кынев. "Избирательная реформа Владимира Путина и региональные выборы" Неприкосновенный запас 2006, №6(50)
  54. ↑ Statement by the Diasporas of Indigenous Peoples of the Russian Federation on the Persecution of Activists
  55. ↑ Russian Federation: Imprisoned activist must be released immediately: Ruslan Kutaev - Amnesty Inernational
  56. ↑ Russian Federation: Further information: Tatar activist sentenced to three years in jail: Rafis Kashapov
  57. ↑ Russian Federation: Blogger in detention for political satire: Darya Poliudova
  58. ↑ Zhemukhov, S. (2012). The Birth of Modern Circassian Nationalism. Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity, 40 (4), 1–22.
  59. ↑ Appleby, Ian. (2010). Uninvited guests in the communal apartment: nation-formation processes among unrecognized Soviet nationalities. Nationalities Papers, 38 (2010), 6, 847-864.
  60. ↑ Minahan, J., & Minahan, J. (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: Ethnic and national groups around the world. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.
  61. ↑ Lagutov, V. (2011). Environmental Security in Watersheds: The Sea of Azov. Springer. P. 50
  62. ↑ Van Horne W.A. (1997). Global Convulsions: Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism at the End of the Twentieth Century. SUNY Press. P. 241.
  63. ↑ Zhdanov, V. A. (2015) Contemporary Siberian Regionalism. In Stephen Kotkin and David Wolff eds., Rediscovering Russia in Asia, Siberia and the Russian Far East London, New York: Routledge, pp. 120-132.
  64. ↑ Charron, Austin. "The Sibiriak Movement and the Roots of Modern Siberian Regionalism." (2014).
  65. ↑ Castells, M., & Kiselyova, E. (2000). Russian federalism and Siberian regionalism, 1990–2000. City, 4(2), 175-198.
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