Coeficient de Gini

El coeficient de Gini és una mesura de la desigualtat ideada per l'estadístic italià Corrado Gini. Normalment s'utilitza per mesurar la desigualtat en els ingressos, però pot utilitzar-se per calcular qualsevol forma de distribució desigual. El coeficient de Gini és un nombre entre 0 i 1, on 0 es correspon amb la perfecta igualtat (tots tenen els mateixos ingressos) i 1 es correspon amb la perfecta desigualtat (una persona té tots els ingressos i els altres cap). Els casos extrems estan representats per la societat més igualitària possible en què cada persona rep els mateixos ingressos (G = 0), i la societat més desigual (amb N individus) on una sola persona rep el 100% dels ingressos totals i la resta (N − 1 persones) no en rep cap (G = 1 − 1/N).

L'índex de Gini és el coeficient de Gini expressat en percentatge, i és igual al coeficient de Gini multiplicat per 100. Encara que el coeficient de Gini s'utilitza sobretot per a mesurar la desigualtat en els ingressos, també pot utilitzar-se per a mesurar la desigualtat en la riquesa. Aquest ús requereix que ningú disposi d'una riquesa negativa.

No es disposen de dades per fer el rànquing mundial de països segons la desigualtat, ja que determinats governs no les proporcionen, com el cas de Somàlia o determinats estats insulars, però d'acord amb les xifres disponibles que alguns dels països amb un índex de Gini més alt (és a dir, els països amb més desigualtat interna) són Namíbia i Sud-àfrica, mentre que els més igualitaris són els països nòrdics.


País	UN R/P 10%^[1]	UN R/P 20%^[2]	World Bank Gini (%)^[3]	WB Gini (year)	CIA R/P 10%^[4]	Year	CIA Gini (%)^[5]	CIA Gini (year)	GPI Gini (%)^[6]
Afghanistan			27.8	2008			29.4	2008	60.0
Albania	7.2	4.8	34.5	2008	7.2	2004	34.5	2008
Algeria	9.6	6.1	35.3	1995	9.6	1995	35.3	1995
Angola			58.6	2000					62.0
Argentina	31.6	17.8	44.5	2010	35.0	2007 Jan.-Mar.	45.8	2009
Armenia	8.0	5.0	30.9	2008	25.8	2004	30.9	2008
Australia	12.5	7.0	30.5	2006	12.7	1994	30.3	2008
Austria	6.9	4.4	26.0	2007	6.8	2004	26.0	2007
Azerbaijan	9.7	6.0	33.7	2008	9.5	2001	33.7	2008
Bahrain									36.0
Bangladesh	7.5	4.9	32.1	2010	7.5	2000 est.	33.2	2005
Belarus	6.9	4.5	26.5	2011	6.9	2002	27.2	2008
Belgium	8.2	4.9	33.0	2000	8.3	2000	28.0	2005
Belize			53.1	1999					49.2
Benin	9.4	6.0	38.6	2003	9.4	2003	36.5	2003
Bhutan			38.1	2007					32
Bolivia	93.9	42.3	56.3	2008	157.3	2002	53.0	2010
Bosnia and Herzegovina	5.4	3.8	36.2	2007	5.5	2001	36.2	2007
Botswana	43.0	20.4	61.0	1994			63.0	1993
Brazil	40.6	21.8	54.7	2009	53.6	2009	50.8	2012
Bulgaria	7.0	4.4	28.2	2007	8.8	2005	45.3	2007
Burkina Faso	11.6	6.9	39.8	2009	11.5	2003	39.5	2007
Burundi	19.3	9.5	33.3	2006	19.3	1998	42.4	1998
Cambodia	12.2	7.3	37.9	2008	12.0	2004	37.9	2008 est.
Cameroon	15.7	9.1	38.9	2007	15.4	2001	44.6	2001
Canada	9.4	5.5	32.6	2000	9.5	2000	32.1	2005
Cape Verde			50.5	2002
Central African Republic	69.2	32.7	56.3	2008	68.1	1993	61.3	1993
Chad			39.8	2003					52.3
Chile	26.2	15.7	52.1	2009	32.1	2003	52.1	2009
China	21.6	12.2	47.0	2007	21.8	2004	47.4	2012	46.9^[7]
Colombia	60.4	25.3	55.9	2010	56.3	2008	58.5	2011
Comoros			64.3	2004
Democratic Republic of the Congo			44.4	2006					55
Congo			47.3	2005					56.2
Costa Rica	23.4	15.6	50.7	2009	37.4	2003	50.3	2009
Côte d'Ivoire	16.6	9.7	41.5	2008	17.0	2002	41.5	2008
Croatia	7.3	4.8	33.7	2008	7.2	2003 est.	32.0	2010
Cuba									30.0
Cyprus							29.0	2005
Czech Republic	5.2	3.5	26.0	2005	5.2	1996	31.0	2009
Denmark	8.1	4.3	24.0	2005	12.0	2000 est.	24.8	2011 est.
Djibouti			40.0	2002
Dominican Republic	25.3	14.3	47.2	2010	29.4	2005	47.2	2010 est.
Ecuador	35.2	17.3	49.3	2010	17.5	2006 Oct.^[8]	47.7	2012 Dec.^[8]
Egypt	8.0	5.1	30.8	2008	8.0	2000	34.4	2001
El Salvador	38.6	20.9	48.3	2009	55.4	2002	46.9	2007
Equatorial Guinea									65
Estonia	10.8	6.4	36.0	2004	11.0	2003	31.3	2010
Ethiopia	6.6	4.3	29.8	2005	6.5	2000	30.0	2000
European Union							30.4	2009 est.
Fiji			42.8	2009
Finland	5.6	3.8	26.9	2000	5.7	2000	26.8	2008
France	9.1	5.6	32.7	2008	8.3	2004	32.7	2008
Gabon			41.5	2005					60
The Gambia	20.2	11.2	47.3	2003	20.6	1998	50.2	1998
Georgia	15.4	8.3	41.3	2008	15.2	2003	46.0	2011
Germany	6.9	4.3	28.3	2000	6.9	2000	27.0	2006
Ghana	14.1	8.4	42.8	2006	13.7	1999	39.4	2005–2006
Greece	10.2	6.2	34.3	2000	10.4	2000 est.	33.0	2005
Guatemala	33.9	20.3	55.9	2006	48.2	2002	55.1	2007
Guinea	10.5	6.6	39.4	2007	21.6	2006	39.4	2007
Guinea Bissau	19.0	10.3	35.5	2002	84.8	1991
Guyana			44.5	1998	26.0	1999	44.6	2007
Haiti	54.4	26.6	59.2	2001	68.1	2001	59.2	2001
Honduras	59.4	17.2	57.0	2009	35.2	2003	57.7	2007
Hong Kong	17.8	9.7	53.3	2007			53.7	2011
Hungary	5.5	3.8	31.2	2007	5.6	2002	24.7	2009
Iceland							28.0	2006
India	8.6	5.6	33.4	2005	8.6	2004	36.8	2004
Indonesia	7.8	5.2	34.0	2005	7.9	2002	36.8	2009
Iran	17.2	9.7	38.3	2005	16.9	1998	44.5	2006	38.3^[9]
Iraq			30.9	2007					42
Ireland	9.4	5.6	34.3	2000	9.4	2000	33.9	2010
Israel	13.4	7.9	39.2	2001	11.8	2005	39.2	2008
Italy	11.6	6.5	36.0	2000	11.7	2000	31.9	2011
Jamaica	17.3	9.8	45.5	2004	17.0	2004	45.5	2004
Japan	4.5	3.4	38.1	2002	4.5	1993	37.6	2008
Jordan	11.3	6.9	35.4	2010	11.3	2003	39.7	2007
Kazakhstan	8.5	5.6	29.0	2009	8.0	2004 est.	28.9	2011
Kenya	13.6	8.2	47.7	2005	18.6	2000	42.5	2008 est.
North Korea									31.0
South Korea	7.8	4.7	31.3	2007	5.9	2011	31.1	2011
Kuwait									30
Kyrgyzstan	6.4	4.4	36.2	2009	6.4	2003	33.4	2007
Laos	8.3	5.4	36.7	2008	8.4	2002	36.7	2008
Latvia	11.6	6.8	36.6	2008	11.6	2003	35.2	2010
Lebanon									45
Lesotho	39.8	44.2	52.5	2003	48.2	2002 est.	63.2	1995
Liberia	12.8		38.2	2007			38.2	2007
Libya									36.0
Lithuania	10.4	6.3	37.6	2008	10.3	2003	35.5	2009
Luxembourg			30.8	2000	6.8	2000	26.0	2005
North Macedonia	12.5	7.5	43.2	2009	12.3	2003	43.2	2009
Madagascar	19.2	11.0	44.1	2010	19.3	2001	47.5	2001
Malawi	10.9	6.7	39.0	2004	11.0	2004	39.0	2004
Malaysia	22.1	12.4	46.2	2009	28.0	2003 est.	46.2	2009
Maldives			37.4	2004
Mali	12.5	7.6	33.0	2010	12.6	2001	40.1	2001
Malta							27.4	2011
Mauritania	12.0	7.4	40.5	2008	11.8	2000	39.0	2000
Mauritius							39.0	2006 est.
Mexico	21.6	12.8	48.3	2008	24.6	2004	51.7	2008
Moldova	8.2	5.3	33.0	2010	8.3	2003	38.0	2008
Mongolia	8.2	5.4	36.5	2008	8.2	2002	36.5	2008
Montenegro			30.0	2008			24.3	2010
Morocco	11.7	7.2	40.9	2007	11.9	1999	40.9	2007 est.
Mozambique	18.8	9.9	45.7	2008	18.8	2002	45.6	2008
Myanmar					11.6	1998			40
Namibia	106.6	56.1	63.9	2004	129.0	2003	59.7	2010
Nepal	15.8	9.1	32.8	2010	15.6	2004	32.8	2010
Netherlands	9.2	5.1	30.9	2007	9.2	1999	30.9	2007
New Zealand	12.4	6.8	36.2	1997			36.2	1997
Nicaragua	31.0	8.8	40.5	2005	15.4	2001	40.5	2010
Niger	46.0	20.7	34.6	2008	44.3	1995	34.0	2007
Nigeria	17.8	9.7	48.8	2010	17.5	2003	43.7	2003
Norway	6.1	3.9	25.8	2000	6.0	2000	25.0	2008
Oman									32
Pakistan	6.5	4.3	30.0	2008	6.6	2002	30.6	2007–2008
Panama	49.9	23.9	51.9	2010	61.4	2003	51.9	2010 est.
Papua New Guinea	23.8	12.6	50.9	1996	23.8	1996	50.9	1996
Paraguay	38.8	25.7	52.4	2010	65.9	2003	53.2	2009
Peru	26.1	15.2	48.1	2010	31.5	2003	46.0	2010
Philippines	15.5	9.3	43.0	2009	15.5	2003	44.8	2009
Poland	8.8	5.6	34.1	2009	8.7	2002	34.1	2009
Portugal	15.0	8.0	38.5	2007	9.2	1995 est.	38.5	2007
Qatar			41.1	2007					39
Romania	7.5	4.9	30.0	2009	7.4	2003	33.2	2011
Russia	12.7	7.6	40.1	2009	12.8	2002	41.7	2011
Ruanda	18.6	9.9	50.8	2011	18.2	2000	46.8	2000
Sao Tome and Principe			50.8	2001
Saudi Arabia									32.0
Senegal	12.3	7.4	39.2	2005	12.4	2001	41.3	2001
Serbia			27.8	2009			28.2	2008
Seychelles			65.8	2007
Sierra Leone	87.2	57.6	42.5	2003	87.2	1989	62.9	1989
Singapore	17.7	9.7	48.1	2008	17.3	1998	47.8	2012
Slovakia	6.7	4.0	26.0	2009	6.7	1996	26.0	2005
Slovenia	5.9	3.9	31.2	2004	5.9	1998	23.8	2011
Somalia									30
South Africa	33.1	17.9	63.1	2009	31.9	2000	65.0	2005
South Sudan			45.5	2009
Spain	10.3	6.0	34.7	2000	10.2	2000	32.0	2005
Sri Lanka	11.1	6.9	40.3	2007	36.1	2003/04 fiscal year	49.0	2010
Plantilla:Country data St. Lucia			42.6	1995
Sudan			35.3	2009					51
Suriname			52.9	1999
Swaziland	25.1	13.0	51.5	2010	25.4	2001	50.4	2001
Sweden	6.2	4.0	25.0	2000	6.2	2000	23.0	2005
Switzerland	9.0	5.5	33.7	2000	8.9	2000	29.6	2010
Syria			35.8	2004					42.0
Taiwan					6.1	2002 est.	34.2	2011
Tajikistan	7.8	5.2	30.8	2009	7.8	2003	32.6	2006
Tanzania	9.2	5.8	37.6	2007	9.3	2000	37.6	2007
Thailand	12.6	7.7	40.0	2009	12.4	2002	53.6	2009
Timor-Leste			31.9	2007			31.9	2007 est.
Togo			34.4	2006
Trinidad and Tobago	12.9	7.6	40.3	1992
Tunisia	13.4	7.9	41.4	2005	13.7	2000	40.0	2005 est.
Turkey	6.6	4.6	39.0	2008	17.1	2003	40.2	2010
Turkmenistan	12.3	7.7	40.8	1998	12.2	1998	40.8	1998
Uganda	16.6	9.2	44.3	2009	16.4	2002	44.3	2009
Ukraine	5.9	4.1	26.4	2009	7.6	2006	28.2	2009
United Arab Emirates									31
United Kingdom	13.8	7.2	34.0	2005	13.6	1999	40.0	2008-2009
United States	15.9	8.4	45.0	2007	15.0	2007 est.	45.0	2007
Uruguay	20.1	10.2	45.3	2010	17.9	2003	45.3	2010
Uzbekistan	10.6	6.2	36.7	2003	10.6	2003	36.8	2003
Venezuela	18.8	16.0	44.8	2006	50.3	2003	39.0	2011
Vietnam	6.9	4.9	35.6	2008	10.0	2004	37.6	2008
West Bank and Gaza			35.5	2009
Yemen	8.6	5.6	37.7	2005	8.6	2003	37.7	2005
Zambia			54.6	2006			50.8	2004
Zimbabwe			50.1	1995			50.1	2006
World					12.0	2002 est.	39	2007

Referències

↑ Data show the ratio of the income or expenditure share of the richest group to that of the poorest. Human Development Report 2009, UNDP, accessed on July 30, 2011.
↑ Data show the ratio of the income or expenditure share of the richest group to that of the poorest. Human Development Report 2007/2008, UNDP, accessed on February 3, 2008.
↑ World Bank GINI index, accessed on November 24, 2011.
↑ Data show the ratio of the household income or consumption share of the richest group to that of the poorest. Household income or consumption by percentage share (%) Arxivat 2009-05-06 a Wayback Machine., The World Factbook, CIA, updated on January 24, 2008. Note: To calculate the value given in the table for this article, the highest 10% value was divided by the lowest 10% value.
↑ Distribution of family income - Gini index Arxivat 2007-06-13 a Wayback Machine., The World Factbook, CIA, accessed on November 24, 2011.
↑ Global Peace Index calculation incorporates UN Gini scores where available, so countries with a UN Gini calculation are left blank in this column. At [1] Arxivat 2010-03-30 a Wayback Machine. click on each country to see its Gini coefficient. Year is not given. "There are, nevertheless, some problems with the Gini-coefficient; there is a considerable lag in the publication of statistics for many countries suffers, forcing the Economist Intelligence Unit to estimate the coefficient for a sizeable proportion of the 153 countries in the GPI. These problems of measurement look likely to persist for the foreseeable future, and the use of other measures of income inequality may be more effective."
↑ Stephen Young (2010) Geni Coefficient Nation Multimedia Arxivat 2013-10-04 a Wayback Machine.
↑ ^8,0 ^8,1 Data for urban households only.
↑ ^{[enllaç sense format]} http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf

Vegeu també

A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Coeficient de Gini

[1] Data show the ratio of the income or expenditure share of the richest group to that of the poorest. Human Development Report 2009, UNDP, accessed on July 30, 2011.

[2] Data show the ratio of the income or expenditure share of the richest group to that of the poorest. Human Development Report 2007/2008, UNDP, accessed on February 3, 2008.

[3] World Bank GINI index, accessed on November 24, 2011.

[4] Data show the ratio of the household income or consumption share of the richest group to that of the poorest. Household income or consumption by percentage share (%) Arxivat 2009-05-06 a Wayback Machine., The World Factbook, CIA, updated on January 24, 2008. Note: To calculate the value given in the table for this article, the highest 10% value was divided by the lowest 10% value.

[5] Distribution of family income - Gini index Arxivat 2007-06-13 a Wayback Machine., The World Factbook, CIA, accessed on November 24, 2011.

[6] Global Peace Index calculation incorporates UN Gini scores where available, so countries with a UN Gini calculation are left blank in this column. At [1] Arxivat 2010-03-30 a Wayback Machine. click on each country to see its Gini coefficient. Year is not given. "There are, nevertheless, some problems with the Gini-coefficient; there is a considerable lag in the publication of statistics for many countries suffers, forcing the Economist Intelligence Unit to estimate the coefficient for a sizeable proportion of the 153 countries in the GPI. These problems of measurement look likely to persist for the foreseeable future, and the use of other measures of income inequality may be more effective."

[7] Stephen Young (2010) Geni Coefficient Nation Multimedia Arxivat 2013-10-04 a Wayback Machine.

[Data-8] 8,0 ^8,1 Data for urban households only.

[9] {[enllaç sense format]} http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf

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